Evidence mapPaperPMID 40814224Full record

ArticleJournal of diabetes science and technology2025

Continuous Glucose Monitoring Data Analysis 2.0: Functional Data Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence Applications.

David C Klonoff, Richard M Bergenstal, Eda Cengiz, Mark A Clements, Daniel Espes, Juan Espinoza, David Kerr, Boris Kovatchev, David M Maahs, Julia K Mader and 11 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of diabetes science and technology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
7citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

7 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

21 authors.

David C KlonoffDiabetes Research Institute, Mills-Peninsula Medical Center, San Mateo, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-6394-6862
Richard M BergenstalInternational Diabetes Center at Park Nicollet, Minneapolis, MN, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-9050-5584
Eda CengizDepartment of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-7992-9506
Mark A ClementsChildren's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-2368-0331
Daniel EspesDepartment of Medical Cell Biology and Department of Medical Sciences, and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.ORCID 0000-0001-8843-7941
Juan EspinozaStanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-0513-588X
David KerrCenter for Health Systems Research, Sutter Health, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-1335-1857
Boris KovatchevCenter for Diabetes Technology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-0495-3901
David M MaahsDepartment of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-4602-7909
Julia K MaderDivision of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.ORCID 0000-0001-7854-4233
Nestoras MathioudakisSchool of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-0210-655X
Ahmed A MetwallyGoogle Research, Mountain View, CA, US.ORCID 0000-0002-0155-7412
Shahid N ShahNetspective Foundation, Inc., Silver Spring, MD, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-8481-6493
Bin ShengDepartment of Computer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.ORCID 0000-0001-8678-2784
Michael P SnyderDepartment of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-0784-7987
Guillermo UmpierrezDivision of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-3252-5026
Mandy M ShaoDiabetes Technology Society, Burlingame, CA, USA.ORCID 0009-0004-9550-9965
Agatha F ScheidemanDiabetes Technology Society, Burlingame, CA, USA.ORCID 0009-0008-4211-4934
Alessandra T AyersDiabetes Technology Society, Burlingame, CA, USA.ORCID 0009-0000-3054-3207
Cindy N HoDiabetes Technology Society, Burlingame, CA, USA.ORCID 0009-0008-3067-1004
Elizabeth HealeyBoston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-7307-8429

Funding

RESEARCH TRAINING IN PEDIATRIC EMERGENCY MEDICINET32HD040128 · CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL BOSTON · 2001 to 2025
$1.5M
NICHD NIH HHS T32 HD040128
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

New methods of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) data analysis are emerging that are valuable for interpreting CGM patterns and underlying metabolic physiology. These new methods use functional data analysis and artificial intelligence (AI), including machine learning (ML). Compared to traditional metrics for evaluating CGM tracing results (CGM Data Analysis 1.0), these new methods, which we refer to as CGM Data Analysis 2.0, can provide a more detailed understanding of glucose fluctuations and trends and enable more personalized and effective diabetes management strategies once translated into practical clinical solutions.

Indexed as

Artificial IntelligenceBlood GlucoseBlood Glucose Self-MonitoringDiabetes MellitusPattern Recognition, AutomatedContinuous Glucose MonitoringHumansMachine LearningBlood Glucoseartificial intelligenceCGMdiabetesmachine learningpattern analysis

Identifiers

PMID40814224
PMCPMC12356821

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.