Evidence mapPaperPMID 40815364Full record

SynthesisProbiotics and antimicrobial proteins2026

Effects of Probiotics and Synbiotics Supplementation on Blood Pressure in Adults with Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Grade-Assessed Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis.

Azin Setayesh, Mehdi Karimi, Omid Asbaghi, Amin Mohammad Niaei, Hoda Haghshenas, Seyed Hossein Davoodi, Bagher Larijani

Abstract readSystematic ReviewMeta-AnalysisReview
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Ginger Supplementation and Blood Pressure in Adults: A GRADE-Based Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Journal of human nutrition and dietetics : the official journal of the British Dietetic Association · 2026
    Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Review
  4. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Azin Setayesh *Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0007-4305-9992
Mehdi Karimi *Faculty of Medicine, Bogomolets National Medical University (NMU), Kyiv, Ukraine. Karimi9010@gmail.com.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0006-4388-0214
Omid AsbaghiCancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (SBUMS), Tehran, Iran.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7740-4711
Amin Mohammad NiaeiSchool of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Lorestan, Iran.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0003-5011-0742
Hoda HaghshenasStudent Research Committee, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3684-3988
Seyed Hossein DavoodiNational Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (SBUMS), Tehran, Iran.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6404-8367
Bagher LarijaniEndocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran. Larijanib1340@gmail.com.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5386-7597

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are closely linked with increased risk of hypertension, contributing significantly to cardiovascular complications. While probiotics and synbiotics have shown potential benefits in metabolic health, their specific effects on blood pressure (BP) regulation in this population remain unclear. This study aims to evaluate the impact of probiotics and synbiotics supplementation on BP control in adults with prediabetes and T2DM, addressing this critical knowledge gap. A comprehensive search was conducted on online databases from their inception to January 2025 to identify relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Data were extracted from selected studies. The overall effect size was determined using weighted mean differences (WMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) through a random-effects model. All statistical analyses were carried out using STATA software. The pooled analysis of 17 RCTs (19 effect sizes) with 1,281 participants (646 cases and 635 controls) showed that probiotics and synbiotics supplementation led to a significantly reduction in both systolic BP (WMD: -3.27 mmHg, 95% CI: -5.38 to -1.16, p = 0.002), and diastolic BP (WMD: -1.78 mmHg, 95% CI: -2.61 to -0.95, p < 0.001). The GRADE assessment rated the quality of evidence for SBP as moderate due to significant heterogeneity, which resulted in serious inconsistency; however, no other major limitations were identified. In comparison, the quality of evidence for DBP was rated as very high. This meta-analysis suggests that supplementation with probiotics and synbiotics can effectively reduce BP in adults with prediabetes and T2DM, highlighting their potential as an adjunctive strategy for BP management. Clinically, incorporating these supplements may offer a safe, accessible option to support traditional therapies and help reduce cardiovascular risk in this high-risk population.

Indexed as

Blood PressureDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2Prediabetic StateProbioticsSynbioticsAdultDietary SupplementsHumansHypertensionRandomized Controlled Trials as TopicBlood pressureDiabetesHypertensionMetabolismNutritionPrediabetesProbioticsSynbiotics

Identifiers

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.