Evidence mapPaperPMID 40817355Full record

ReviewNature reviews. Endocrinology2025

Medical nutrition therapy for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Luigi Barrea, Ludovica Verde, Annamaria Colao, Lawrence J Mandarino, Giovanna Muscogiuri

Registry-linked trialAbstract readReview
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Nature reviews. Endocrinology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07626658 (Food_i Sense Analytics), which is not on this map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
16citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT07626658 not yet recruitingnot on this mapstarted 2026, after this paper: background citation

Food_i Sense Analytics: Integrando la Inteligencia Artificial Con la monitorización Continua de la Glucosa Para la nutrición de precisión

TypeobservationalSponsorIMDEA FoodRan2026 to 2028Enrolled471ConditionsPrediabetes (Insulin Resistance, Impaired Glucose Tolerance), Artificial Intelligence Mobile ApplicationArmsContinuous glucose monitoring using a wearable sensor (flash interstitial glucose monitor)
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Review
  3. Article
  4. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation-associated partial lipodystrophy.Clinical pediatric endocrinology : case reports and clinical investigations : official journal of the Japanese Society for Pediatric Endocrinology · 2026
    Review
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Review
  9. Article
  10. Nutrition and longevity - diet in centenarians.Journal of translational medicine · 2026
    Review
  11. Review
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Review
  16. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Luigi Barrea *Dipartimento di Psicologia e Scienze della Salute, Università Telematica Pegaso, Naples, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9054-456X
Ludovica Verde *Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA.
Annamaria ColaoCentro Italiano per la cura e il Benessere del Paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O), Unità di Endocrinologia, Diabetologia e Andrologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy.
Lawrence J MandarinoDivision of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA.
Giovanna MuscogiuriDivision of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA. giovanna.muscogiuri@unina.it.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8809-4931

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major global health concern. Medical nutrition therapy has a key role in T2DM management, with dietary interventions being central to improving glycaemic control and overall metabolic health. Growing evidence suggests that certain dietary strategies can exert direct metabolic benefits independent of weight reduction. The Mediterranean diet has consistently demonstrated metabolic and cardiovascular benefits, along with improved glycaemic control, even in the absence of substantial weight reduction. Low-energy and very-low-energy diets, characterized by moderate to severe caloric restriction, respectively, have also been associated with improvements in cardiometabolic markers and glycaemic regulation. Ketogenic diets promote nutritional ketosis and have shown benefits on glycaemic control, insulin sensitivity and other metabolic outcomes, often preceding substantial weight loss. Intermittent fasting strategies, such as alternate-day fasting or the 5:2 model, and time-restricted eating, have likewise been linked to enhanced glycaemic control and favourable metabolic and cardiovascular effects, although their long-term efficacy and safety require further investigation. This Review aims to provide an evidence-based synthesis of the main nutritional strategies used in the treatment of T2DM, with a focus on their underlying mechanisms, clinical efficacy and potential for sustainable long-term implementation.

Indexed as

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2Nutrition TherapyBlood GlucoseCaloric RestrictionDiet, KetogenicDiet, MediterraneanFastingGlycemic ControlHumansBlood Glucose

Identifiers

PMID40817355

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.