The role of multi-omics in biomarker discovery, diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic monitoring of tissue repair and regeneration processes.

In the last two decades, technological interventions have played a significant role in transforming healthcare with timely diagnosis and novel therapeutic interventions. Advanced technologies such as next-generation sequencing, NMR, mass spectrometry, and non-invasive imaging modalities have made it possible to study biological molecules, cellular processes, and molecular pathways in different diseases. The "omics revolution" is another addition that emerged as a powerful tool in elucidating molecular and cellular processes in diseases. Given the profoundly complex nature of tissue repair, it is important to employ the advanced multi-omics technique to elucidate the cellular, molecular, and inflammatory events in damaged tissues. As proven in various other diseases, these integrative omics can provide a systematic and comprehensive understanding of the biology of tissue repair and regeneration. Proteomics and transcriptomics, in particular, have been widely used for the identification and validation of potential biomarkers such as transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and several matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) which play a key role in the process of tissue repair and regeneration. Metabolomics, such as NMR and spectroscopies, have also shown potential in tracking energy metabolism and oxidative stress during regeneration. This review article presents a comprehensive overview of the latest multi-omics techniques and technologies that provide valuable insights into the complex processes of tissue repair and highlight the possibilities of early diagnosis, biomarker identification, and novel therapeutic interventions for tissue repair and regeneration. Combining data and key findings from multiple omics layers, such as metabolomics, transcriptomics, and genomics, may provide a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms and pathways that have been implicated in tissue repair and regeneration. This may lead to the identification and validation of robust biomarkers and the development of therapeutic strategies aimed at improving outcomes in patients with chronic and non-healing wounds. The Translational Potential of this Article: This article reviews the application of multi-omics technologies in tissue repair and regeneration, highlighting how the integration of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics reveals molecular mechanisms of wound healing. By combining these diverse omics approaches, the findings provide critical insights into novel biomarkers, therapeutic targets, and personalized treatment strategies. This integration allows for a more comprehensive understanding of tissue regeneration, enhancing diagnostic accuracy and treatment monitoring. Ultimately, multi-omics technologies can drive advances in personalized medicine, improving clinical outcomes and offering new avenues for treating tissue repair and regeneration.