SynthesisPharmacology research & perspectives2025
Saliva Based Clozapine Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: A Systematic Review.
Synthesis in Pharmacology research & perspectives, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Saliva Based Clozapine Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: A Systematic Review.Pharmacology research & perspectives · 2025Pooled it
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Clozapine is superior in the treatment of treatment-refractory schizophrenia but requires therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) due to its unpredictable pharmacokinetics and dose-dependent side effects. This systematic review evaluates saliva as a more patient-friendly sampling strategy for clozapine TDM. A systematic search was carried out using MEDLINE, Embase, APA PsycInfo, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CCTR) through Ovid. Studies were eligible for inclusion if data on clozapine pharmacokinetics in saliva were described. To assess the feasibility of saliva for the TDM of clozapine, ease of saliva collection, method of detection, detectability of clozapine in saliva, correlation of clozapine concentrations in saliva compared to blood, clozapine stability in saliva, and clinical validation were taken into account. A total of nine studies were included. Overall, the collection of saliva was considered simple, less invasive, and quick compared to the collection of blood. Clozapine was found stable for up to 6 months when stored at -20°C. Various methods were used for the detection of clozapine with a lower limit of detection (LLOQ) ranging from 0.1 to 15 ng/mL. Clozapine saliva concentrations between 8.50 ng/mL and 2,720 ng/mL were observed, and no correlation between clozapine levels in saliva and blood was found. Although saliva is a promising specimen for the TDM of clozapine, no clear recommendation could be made to replace blood with saliva due to methodological issues with the included studies. For this reason, further clinical validation studies are needed.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.