Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40825925›Full record

ArticleAlzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association2025

The combined effects of visual impairment, hearing loss, and olfactory dysfunction on cognitive impairment: An individually matched case-control study.

Jing Wu, Xiangjun Yin, Yang Liu, Weiqiang Ji, Jie Li, Gexin Xiao, Han Zhang, Ce Liu, Xiaomin Wu, Jingyi Xu and 8 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

18 authors.

Jing WuNational Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.ORCID 0000-0003-3519-0839
Xiangjun YinNational Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
Yang LiuNational Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
Weiqiang JiHospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
Jie LiSchool of Geography and Remote Sensing, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
Gexin XiaoNational Institute of Hospital Administration, National Health Commission, Beijing, China.
Han ZhangNational Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
Ce LiuHospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
Xiaomin WuNational Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
Jingyi XuState Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
Shaohui HuangHospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
Yue HuaSchool of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
Feng QiuThe Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong, China.
Ni LinHospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
Haotian WuNational Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
Yaqiang WangNational Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
Chengdong XuState Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
Qingfeng DuGuangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine for Qingzhi Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.

Funding

2022 Major Strategic Research and Consulting Project of Chinese Academy of Engineering-Research on National Health Promotion Engineering 2022-XBZD-21-02Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine for Qingzhi DiseasesGuangzhou Health Science and Technology Project 2024A031007High Level Key Discipline Construction Project of National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine-Basis of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western MedicineNational Key R&D Program of China 2024YFC2510200Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases-Ministry of Science and Technology 2023ZD0509800
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionThe combined effects of visual impairment, hearing loss, and olfactory dysfunction on cognitive impairment remain unclear.

methodsWe conducted a case-control study with 25,432 adults aged 60 years or older. We used multiple logistic regression to analyze the effects of combined visual impairment, hearing loss, and olfactory dysfunction on cognitive impairment, while controlling for confounding factors.

resultsSingle or combined visual impairment, hearing loss, and olfactory dysfunction negatively influenced cognitive impairment. Olfactory dysfunction had the greatest impact on dementia (odds ratio [OR] 2.37, 95% confidence interval 95% [CI] 2.01-2.79). For patients with combined sensory dysfunction, visual and olfactory dysfunction combined had the greatest impact on dementia (OR 6.50, 95% CI 3.78-11.20). DISCUSSION: Visual impairment, hearing loss, and olfactory dysfunction, as noninvasive functional biomarkers, provide a viable approach for the early detection and prevention of cognitive impairment, and can be utilized as effective means of early diagnosis and pre-intervention of dementia. HIGHLIGHTS: Olfactory dysfunction has a greater impact on cognition than visual impairment and hearing loss. The interaction of two sensory dysfunctions has a greater effect on cognition than one sensory dysfunction alone. Sensory dysfunction provides a viable approach for the early detection and prevention of cognitive impairment.

Indexed as

Cognitive DysfunctionHearing LossOlfaction DisordersVision DisordersAgedAged, 80 and overCase-Control StudiesFemaleHumansMaleMiddle Agedcase–control studycognitive impairmentdementiaelderlyhearing lossmild cognitive impairmentolfactory dysfunctionsensory dysfunctionsubjective cognitive declinevisual impairment

Identifiers

PMID40825925
PMCPMC12360912

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.