ArticleBMC microbiology2025
Geographical distribution of Cryptococcus neoformans in Iran, pathogenic factors, and antifungal susceptibility profile.
Article in BMC microbiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundApproximately 70 species of Cryptococcus have been identified, some of which are human and animal pathogens, while others are environmental saprophytes. Cryptococcus neoformans is one of the most important pathogenic species, and pigeon droppings serve as the most important ecological niche. This study aimed to investigate the frequency of C. neoformans in pigeon droppings from various Iranian provinces, as well as assess the pathogenic factors and antifungal susceptibility of the isolates.
methods428 pigeon droppings samples were collected from 10 Iranian provinces and cultured on Niger seed agar. DNAs were extracted, and CNLAC1 (Outer and Inner) and STR1 primers were used for the detection of species and varieties of C. neoformans, respectively. Virulence factors were also identified using specific culture media under appropriate conditions. Antifungal susceptibility testing was conducted against 8 antifungals using CLSI guidelines.
resultsOut of the 428 examined samples, 37 (8.6%) were positive for C. neoformans. All isolates exhibited capsule production and dark brown pigmentation as key pathogenic factors. Urease and catalase activities were present in all isolates. Based on the established ECVs guidelines, all isolates displayed wild-type phenotypes against voriconazole and 5-flucytosine. While 100% isolates were non-wild type against amphotericin B.
conclusionsThe frequency of C. neoformans was 8.6% in Iranian cities, with a high (31.5%) frequency in Kermanshah and a low (3.1%) frequency in Fars province. All isolates showed sensitivity to voriconazole and 5-flucytosine. Additionally, pathogenic factors were present in all strains to varying degrees.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.