Renal Ultrasonography in Children: Principles and Emerging Techniques.

Purpose of review: This review will examine the role of different kidney ultrasound imaging technologies in children, outlining the indications, advantages, and limitations to better guide pediatricians. Recent findings: Conventional ultrasound is an essential tool for evaluating pediatric kidney conditions, offering a non-invasive, safe, and relatively low-cost method. Ultrasound is crucial for diagnosing congenital anomalies of the genitourinary tract and monitoring urinary tract dilation. Doppler ultrasound evaluates vascular flow, aiding in conditions like renovascular hypertension, thrombosis, and transplant monitoring. Emerging techniques include elastography, which assesses kidney stiffness and shows promise in the evaluation of glomerulonephritis, urinary tract dilation and kidney transplants. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound differentiates renal masses and detects conditions related to hypoperfusion like renal artery stenosis and infarctions. Microvascular imaging provides detailed visualization of renal microvasculature, although it faces challenges in standardization and depth assessment. These ultrasound technologies enhance the non-invasive evaluation of pediatric kidney diseases. Summary: Ultrasonography is an indispensable imaging tool in pediatric assessments of the kidneys. Each ultrasound technology offers unique benefits and challenges. The role of ultrasonography in pediatric nephrology will likely continue to expand, emphasizing the need for ongoing research and standardization of these techniques to optimize their clinical application.