Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40852721›Full record

ReviewFrontiers in immunology2025

Systemic immune-inflammation index as a versatile biomarker in autoimmune disorders: insights from rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and spondyloarthritis.

Yang Wu, Yupeng Huang, Yan Wu, Jianhong Sun, Qibing Xie, Geng Yin

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
30citing papers in PubMed, 3 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

30 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Yang Wu *Department of General Practice, General Practice Medical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
Yupeng Huang *Department of General Practice, General Practice Medical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
Yan Wu *Outpatient Department, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
Jianhong SunDepartment of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
Qibing XieDepartment of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
Geng YinDepartment of General Practice, General Practice Medical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic vasculitis, spondyloarthritis (SpA), including ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA), are characterized by chronic immune activation and systemic inflammation. The systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), computed as platelet count × neutrophil count/lymphocyte count, is a promising biomarker that reflects both inflammatory burden and immune dysregulation. In RA, elevation of SII is correlated with disease activity score, response to TNF-α inhibitors, and reduced serum Klotho levels. In AS and PsA, the SII is associated with disease activity scores, musculoskeletal imaging findings, and treatment response. In SLE, the SII tracks global activity and predicts lupus nephritis and pregnancy outcomes, while further reflecting underlying features, such as lymphopenia, neutrophil extracellular trap formation, and platelet activation. The SII is also useful in vasculitis-related diseases, including Behçet's syndrome and Kawasaki disease. In comparison to traditional markers such as CRP and ESR, the SII provides broader immune insights than routine hematologic data. SII is influenced by non-autoimmune factors, including malignancy and infection, which are often excluded from autoimmune studies, although significant in clinical interpretation. This review summarizes the latest evidence on the SII across autoimmune conditions. It also aims to outline the key limitations and future directions, including longitudinal validation, integration with emerging indices (e.g., the systemic inflammatory response index), and its role in multimodal disease monitoring.

Indexed as

Arthritis, RheumatoidAutoimmune DiseasesInflammationLupus Erythematosus, SystemicSpondylarthritisBiomarkersHumansSeverity of Illness IndexBiomarkersautoimmune diseasesbiomarkers of inflammationrheumatoid arthritissystemic immune-inflammation indexsystemic lupus erythematosus

Identifiers

PMID40852721
PMCPMC12367667

What Socratic holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.