Evidence mapPaperPMID 40861717Full record

ReviewCureus2025

Diabetes-Kidney-Heart Continuum and Its Implication on Therapeutic Management.

Abdul Hamid Zargar, Jayagopal Pathiyil Balagopalan, Arpandev Bhattacharyya, Alan Almeida, Abhijit Taraphder, Sandeep Bansal, Sameer Dani, Nilakshi Deka, Sanjay Jain, Onkar C Swami

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Cureus, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Abdul Hamid ZargarDepartment of Endocrinology, Centre for Diabetes and Endocrine Care, Srinagar, IND.
Jayagopal Pathiyil BalagopalanDepartment of Cardiology, Lakshmi Hospital, Palakkad, IND.
Arpandev BhattacharyyaDepartment of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Manipal Hospital, Bengaluru, IND.
Alan AlmeidaDepartment of Nephrology, Parmanand Deepchand (PD) Hinduja Hospital and Medical Research Center, Mumbai, IND.
Abhijit TaraphderDepartment of Nephrology, Apollo Gleneagles Hospital, Kolkata, IND.
Sandeep BansalDepartment of Cardiology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, Delhi, IND.
Sameer DaniDepartment of Cardiology Services, Apollo Cardiovascular and Thoracic Institute, Ahmedabad, IND.
Nilakshi DekaDepartment of Endocrinology, Apollo Hospital, Guwahati, IND.
Sanjay JainDepartment of Medical Services, Alembic Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Mumbai, IND.
Onkar C SwamiDepartment of Medical Services, Alembic Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Mumbai, IND.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes (T2D), along with other co-morbidities (hypertension, hyperlipidemia, etc.), causes vascular complications and atherosclerosis, leading to heart or kidney damage. The timely detection of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) risk helps in targeted treatment, thereby reducing hospitalization/death in people with T2D. The vascular complications of T2D, including the onset of CVD or CKD, have been widely studied. However, a clear understanding of the concurrent inter-relatability of diabetes-kidney-heart or diabetes-heart-kidney continuum would further assist the clinicians in preventing morbidity and mortality. The narrative review sought to outline the stages ("prevent," "regress," and "retard"), pathophysiological mechanism, and management of the continuum with defined patient profiles and associated risk factors. Pharmacotherapies with a focus on managing both cardiac and renal vascular changes (e.g., sodium-glucose transporter-2 inhibitors {SGLT-2is}, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists {GLP-1RA}, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors {DPP-4is}, lipid-lowering therapy, and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system {RAAS} blockers) have been discussed. In addition, new diagnostic approaches such as levels of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), N-terminal prohormone, cardiac troponin, cystatin C, and single-cell transcriptome sequencing, with proven accuracy for detecting vascular complications in the heart and kidney, have been summarized. The review underscores the importance of the early detection of the vascular complications in T2D with individual risk stratification for the initiation/continuation/switching of therapies, to enhance treatment adherence and outcomes.

Indexed as

cardiovascular diseasechronic kidney diseasediabetesdyslipidemiaguideline recommendationspharmacotherapy

Identifiers

PMID40861717
PMCPMC12371295

What Socratic holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.