Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40864041›Full record

ReviewToxins2025

Multiple Mycotoxin Contamination in Livestock Feed: Implications for Animal Health, Productivity, and Food Safety.

Oluwakamisi F Akinmoladun, Fabia N Fon, Queenta Nji, Oluwaseun O Adeniji, Emmanuel K Tangni, Patrick B Njobeh

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Toxins, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
18citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

18 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
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  5. Article
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  10. Review
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Dietary mycotoxin toxicity inAdvances in neurotoxicology · 2026
    Article
  14. Review
  15. Review
  16. Review
  17. Article
  18. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Oluwakamisi F AkinmoladunDepartment of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2006, Gauteng, South Africa.ORCID 0000-0001-6462-374X
Fabia N FonDepartment of Agriculture, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.ORCID 0000-0001-7701-9111
Queenta NjiDepartment of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2006, Gauteng, South Africa.ORCID 0000-0003-1709-8916
Oluwaseun O AdenijiDepartment of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2006, Gauteng, South Africa.ORCID 0000-0003-4022-8109
Emmanuel K TangniSciensano, Chemical and Physical Health Risks Organic Contaminants, Toxins Unit, Leuvensesteenweg 17, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium.ORCID 0000-0002-5729-5482
Patrick B NjobehDepartment of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2006, Gauteng, South Africa.ORCID 0000-0001-5193-3650

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by various fungi that contaminate livestock feed, posing serious threats to animal health, productivity, and food safety. Although historical research has often examined individual mycotoxins in isolation, real-world conditions typically involve the simultaneous presence of multiple mycotoxins, resulting in additive or synergistic toxic effects that are often more severe than those observed with single toxin exposures. This review comprehensively synthesizes recent findings on multi-mycotoxin contamination in livestock feed, highlighting their physiological effects, mechanisms of action, and implications for regulatory frameworks. Multi-mycotoxin interactions exacerbate oxidative stress, immune suppression, impaired reproduction, and organ damage across species, leading to reduced growth performance, decreased milk and egg production, compromised carcass and wool quality, and increased mortality rates. A major concern is that current international regulatory standards mainly address individual mycotoxins, overlooking the compounded risks of co-occurrence. Global surveillance studies consistently reveal high prevalence rates of mycotoxin mixtures in feedstuffs, especially combinations involving DON, ZEN, AFB

Indexed as

Animal FeedFood ContaminationFood SafetyLivestockMycotoxinsAnimalsFood MicrobiologyHumansRisk AssessmentMycotoxinsfungilivestockmulti-occurrencemycotoxicosismycotoxins

Identifiers

PMID40864041
PMCPMC12389956

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.