Observational studyNeurology2025
Association Between Menopause Age and Estradiol-Based Hormone Therapy With Cognitive Performance in Cognitively Normal Women in the CLSA.
Observational study in Neurology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- Association Between Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Alzheimer Disease Neuropathology.Neurology · 2026Article
- Age at menopause,Research square · 2026Article
- Lifetime Exposure to Endogenous Estradiol and Markers of Dementia Risk: Associations with Later Life Cognitive, Behavioral, and Functional Complaints.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Optimizing Healthspan in Women: A New Paradigm for Successful Aging through the Menopausal Transition.Journal of menopausal medicine · 2026Review
- Article
- Sex differences in neuromodulatory subcortical systems and their implications for Alzheimer's disease.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Review
- Advancing evidence-based regulation: Organization for the Study of Sex Differences and Society for Women's Health Research support FDA action on menopausal hormone therapy and encourage broader sex-informed drug label updates.Biology of sex differences · 2026Review
- Previous parity differentially influences cognition in later life depending on dementia status.NPJ dementia · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
objectivesMenopause and menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) affect cognition, although existing studies are inconclusive. Age-related declines in executive functions, episodic memory, and prospective memory may be differentially sensitive to menopause age and MHT, due to variations in which brain regions are involved and their estrogen receptor density. Few studies have explored how menopause age and estradiol (E2)-based MHT by administration route affect these domains, a gap that this study addresses.
methodsThis was a cross-sectional observational cohort study using baseline data from the Canadian Longitudinal Study of Aging. We separately examined the associations of age at menopause and E2-based MHT with performance in 3 cognitive domains: episodic memory, prospective memory, and executive functions. Linear regression models were used the test the association between cognitive performance and menopause variables.
resultsThis cohort included 7,251 postmenopausal women (mean age at baseline 60.5 ± 10.2 years, mean age at menopause 50.5 ± 4.2 years), with models adjusted for age, education, and vascular risk. Earlier age at menopause was significantly associated with lower scores across all cognitive domains tested (episodic memory β = 0.050, 95% CI 0.027-0.072, DISCUSSION: E2-based MHT efficacy depends on the route of administration and cognitive domain, underscoring the importance of considering MHT type. Although we cannot establish causality between menopause age, MHT use, and cognitive outcomes, this work provides clarity to inconsistencies in the literature and informs precision medicine approaches for cognitive aging. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE: This study provides Class III evidence that use of E2-based MHTs was associated with higher episodic memory scores (transdermal E2 preparations) or higher prospective memory scores (oral E2 preparations) in postmenopausal women.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.