SynthesisBMC nephrology2025
Health inequalities and outcomes following acute kidney injury: a systematic review & meta-analyses of observational studies.
Synthesis in BMC nephrology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- The impact of social determinants of health on acute kidney injury.Nature reviews. Nephrology · 2026Review
- Forecasting ICU Acute Kidney Injury with Actionable Lead Time Using Interpretable Machine Learning: Development and Multi-Center Validation.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundInequalities in health describe the uneven distribution of health outcomes that result from genetic or environmental factors. The extent to which inequalities impact on outcomes from AKI is uncertain. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the impact of health inequalities on AKI outcomes.
methodsThis review has been registered on PROSPERO (CRD42023422307). We included observational studies of adults who experienced at least one episode of AKI that reported outcomes stratified by sex/gender, race/ethnicity, deprivation, income, education, employment, housing, smoking, mental health conditions, geography or insurance status. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality and secondary outcomes were: progression to acute kidney disease; incident CKD; progressive CKD; AKI recovery; cardiovascular events; hospitalisations; ICU admission and hospital length of stay. The search was conducted in MEDLINE, Embase and Web of Science from inception to 10
results7,312 titles/abstracts were screened, and 36 studies included (n=2,038,441). Few included data from lower-middle income countries (n=3). Evidence predominantly related to sex/gender (n=25), race/ethnicity (n=14) and deprivation (n=11). On pooling relevant studies, no sex/gender-specific differences in all-cause mortality or AKI recovery were seen. Of twelve studies reporting mortality by race/ethnicity, six found no variation by racial/ethnic group. Six of nine studies reporting mortality by socioeconomic status found deprivation was an independent predictor of death. Few studies assessed the impact of mental health (n=3), insurance (n=1), housing (n=2), geography (n=1) and smoking status (n=3) and no reports quantified the impact of income, education, employment or substance use.
conclusionThis systematic review highlights a lack of evidence related to inequalities and AKI. Further studies are required to address these gaps and achieve progress towards equitable kidney health. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: Not applicable.
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Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.