Evidence mapPaperPMID 40868022Full record

ReviewAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)2025

A Comprehensive Review of Antibiotic Resistance in the Oral Microbiota: Mechanisms, Drivers, and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies.

Ena Kulis, Ivan Cvitkovic, Nikola Pavlovic, Marko Kumric, Doris Rusic, Josko Bozic

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
19citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

19 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
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  9. Article
  10. Review
  11. [Research Advances on Natural Products in Maintaining Oral Microecological Balance].Sichuan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Sichuan University. Medical science edition · 2026
    Review
  12. Article
  13. Review
  14. Biomaterial investigations in dentistry · 2026
    Article
  15. Article
  16. Review
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  18. Article
  19. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Ena KulisStudy of Dental Medicine, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia.
Ivan CvitkovicDepartment of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital of Split, Spinciceva 1, 21000 Split, Croatia.
Nikola PavlovicDepartment of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia.ORCID 0000-0003-3452-389X
Marko KumricDepartment of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia.ORCID 0000-0002-9696-3359
Doris RusicDepartment of Pharmacy, University of Split School of Medicine, Soltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia.ORCID 0000-0002-7018-4947
Josko BozicDepartment of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia.ORCID 0000-0003-1634-0635

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Recent advances in microbiome research have highlighted the oral cavity as a complex and dynamic ecosystem, home to over 700 microbial species that play critical roles in both oral and systemic health. The oral microbiota not only maintains local tissue homeostasis but also serves as a reservoir for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes, contributing to the global spread of resistance. Frequent and sometimes inappropriate antibiotic use in dental practice, along with exposure to antiseptics and biocides, drives the emergence and horizontal transfer of resistance determinants within oral biofilms. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms and ecological drivers of AMR in the oral microbiome, emphasizing the clinical implications of dysbiosis and drug-resistant infections. The authors advocate for the development of dental clinical guidelines tailored to the unique characteristics of the oral microbiota, focusing on personalized therapy through molecular diagnostics, standardized AMR risk assessment, and the integration of non-antibiotic strategies such as probiotics and photodynamic therapy. Continuous education in antimicrobial stewardship and the implementation of oral-specific AMR surveillance is also highlighted as an essential component of effective resistance management. To support rational prescribing, a dedicated mobile application has been developed, leveraging microbiota data and resistance profiles to guide evidence-based, targeted therapy and reduce unnecessary antibiotic use. Collectively, these strategies aim to preserve antibiotic efficacy, ensure patient safety, and promote sustainable infection management in the dental field.

Indexed as

antimicrobial resistanceantimicrobial stewardshiporal AMR surveillanceoral microbiome

Identifiers

PMID40868022
PMCPMC12382797

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.