ReviewBiomedicines2025
Intestinal Dysbiosis and Immune Activation in Kawasaki Disease and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children: A Comparative Review of Mechanisms and Clinical Manifestations.
Review in Biomedicines, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Although Kawasaki disease (KD) has been known since 1967, when it was first described by Dr. Tomisaku Kawasaki, the literature indicates that its etiology-similarly to Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C)-remains largely unclear and is the subject of intensive research. The former disease, which typically occurs shortly after infection, is the most common cause of primary vasculitis in children worldwide. The latter-MIS-C, associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection-is characterized by involvement of at least two organ systems. Undoubtedly, both diseases exhibit heightened immune system activity and significant inflammation. In recent years, increasing attention has been directed towards alterations in the microbiota observed in affected patients. We undertake an analysis and systematic review of the current scientific findings in this field. We emphasize the role of the microbiome-which encompasses not only bacteria but also viruses, fungi, parasites, and archaea-in health and disease. We track its composition from birth and highlight factors influencing its diversity, such as the mode of delivery. We recognize the microbiome's role in reducing the likelihood of allergic diseases in children and its interactions with the immune system. In addition to comparing the pathomechanisms and clinical manifestations of KD and MIS-C, also known as Pediatric Inflammatory Multisystem Syndrome (PIMS), we investigate microbiota alterations in these conditions and analyze potential applications of microbiome knowledge, for example, in identifying diagnostic markers. We also point out potential directions for future research, such as the use of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in MIS-C and the long-term changes in the gut microbiota associated with these diseases, which remain poorly documented and currently represent significant gaps in knowledge.
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