ReviewLife (Basel, Switzerland)2025
Comparison of the Effects of Cold-Water Immersion Applied Alone and Combined Therapy on the Recovery of Muscle Fatigue After Exercise: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Review in Life (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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7 authors.
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Abstract
Cold-water immersion (CWI), as a common recovery method, has been widely used in the field of post-exercise fatigue recovery. However, there is still a lack of comprehensive and systematic scientific evaluation of the combined effects of cold-water immersion combined with other therapies (CWI + Other). The aim of this study was to compare the effects of CWI and CWI + Other in post-exercise fatigue recovery and to explore the potential benefits of CWI + Other. We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and EBSCO databases to include 24 studies (475 subjects in total) and performed a meta-analysis using standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The results showed that both CWI + Other (SMD = -0.68, 95% CI: -1.03 to -0.33) and CWI (SMD = -0.37, 95% CI: -0.65 to -0.10) were effective in reducing delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS). In subgroup analyses of athletes, both CWI + Other (SMD = -1.13, 95% CI: -1.76 to -0.49) and CWI (SMD = -0.47, 95% CI: -0.87 to -0.08) also demonstrated significant effects. In addition, CWI + Other significantly reduced post-exercise C-reactive protein (CRP) levels (SMD = -0.62, 95% CI: -1.12 to -0.13), and CWI with water temperatures higher than 10 °C also showed a CRP-lowering effect (MD = -0.18, 95% CI: -0.30 to -0.07), suggesting a potential benefit in anti-inflammation. There were no significant differences between the two interventions in the metrics of creatine kinase (CK; CWI: SMD = -0.01, 95% CI: -0.27 to 0.24; CWI + Other: SMD = 0.26, 95% CI: -0.51 to 1.03) or countermovement jump (CMJ; CWI: SMD = 0.22, 95% CI: -0.13 to 0.57; CWI + Other: SMD = 0.07, 95% CI: -0.70 to 0.85).
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