ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2025
Immunological and Inflammatory Biomarkers in the Prognosis, Prevention, and Treatment of Ischemic Stroke: A Review of a Decade of Advancement.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Neutrophil to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and prognosis in acute ischemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC neurology · 2026Pooled it
- Targeting Neuroinflammation in Adult Ischemic Stroke: Direct Immunotherapy, Regenerative Cell-Based Strategies, and Translational Challenges-A Systematic Review with Exploratory Meta-analysis.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Pooled it
- Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation Reduces Inflammatory Biomarkers after Large Vessel Occlusion Stroke: Results of a Prospective Randomized Open-Label Blinded Endpoint Trial.Translational stroke research · 2025Trial
- Dynamic Tuning of MSC-Based Scaffolds for Neurological Protection After Brain or CNS Injury.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Predictive Value of Composite Inflammatory Markers for Stroke Prognosis: A Prospective Cohort Study.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2026Article
- Interleukin-8 in health and disease.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Review
- Article
- Advanced nanobiosensors for the detection of neurovascular damage in cerebral infarction: prospects and challenges.Journal of biological engineering · 2026Article
- Article
- Article
- Teledermoscopy-Assisted Referral for Cutaneous Melanoma: Diagnostic Timeliness, Histopathologic Severity, and Stage at Excision in a Comparative Cohort.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Association of lipoprotein(a) and composite inflammatory indices with functional outcomes in acute ischemic stroke: a prospective cohort study.Lipids in health and disease · 2026Article
- Integrative Approaches to Gut Microbiota: Biomarkers, Dysbiosis, and Therapeutic Potential.Saudi medical journal · 2026Review
- Optogenetic Strategies for Motor Recovery After Ischemic Stroke: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Systemic immune-inflammatory index predicts all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in metabolic syndrome: A prospective cohort study using NHANES data.Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil) · 2026Article
- How Digital Stress and eHealth Literacy Relate to Missed Nursing Care and Willingness to Use AI Decision Support.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Orthodontic Appliance Type and Oral Malodor Burden: Cross-Sectional Comparison of Clear Aligners, Fixed Braces, and Untreated Controls.Dentistry journal · 2026Article
- Cerebral Infarction: Epidemiology, Classification, Mechanisms, Diagnosis, and Management.MedComm · 2026Review
- Care Settings, Autonomy, and Costs in Severe Mental Illness: A Cross-Sectional Comparison of Hospital, Residential, and Community Care in Romania.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Associations of thyroid function, inflammatory cytokines, and ceramides with 30-day functional outcome after acute ischemic stroke.BMC neurology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Ischemic stroke triggers a dynamic immune response that influences both acute damage and long-term recovery. This review synthesizes a decade of evidence on immunological and inflammatory biomarkers in ischemic stroke, emphasizing their prognostic and therapeutic significance. Following ischemic insult, levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and chemokines like interleukin-8 (IL-8) rapidly rise, promoting blood-brain barrier disruption, leukocyte infiltration, and neuronal death. Conversely, anti-inflammatory mediators such as interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) facilitate repair, neurogenesis, and immune regulation in later phases. The balance between these pathways determines outcomes and is reflected in circulating biomarkers. Composite hematological indices including the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) offer accessible and cost-effective prognostic tools. Several biomarkers correlate with infarct size, neurological deterioration, and mortality, and may predict complications like hemorrhagic transformation or infection. Therapeutic strategies targeting cytokines, especially IL-1 and IL-6, have shown promise in modulating inflammation and improving outcomes. Future directions include personalized immune profiling, real-time cytokine monitoring, and combining immunotherapy with neurorestorative approaches. By integrating immune biomarkers into stroke care, clinicians may enhance risk stratification, optimize treatment timing, and identify candidates for novel interventions. This review underscores inflammation's dual role and evolving therapeutic and prognostic relevance in ischemic stroke.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.