ReviewNutrients2025
Type 2 Diabetes and the Multifaceted Gut-X Axes.
Review in Nutrients, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed.
- Immunometabolism in Obesity-Associated Type 2 Diabetes: Molecular Mechanisms and Emerging Therapeutic Targets.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- The Gut Microbiome-Endocrine Axis in Obesity: Mechanisms and Therapeutics.Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology · 2026Review
- Gut Microbiota in Metabolic Syndrome: Differences in Microbial Signatures and Clinical Profiles.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Review
- Microbiome-Targeted Modulation in Renal Transplantation.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- The interplay of microbiome, molecular mechanisms, and fertility -an integrated review.Folia microbiologica · 2026Review
- The Gut-Liver Axis in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD): Mechanisms, Microbiome Interactions and Therapeutic Targets.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Review
- Review
- Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus as a Multisystem Disease: From Insulin Resistance to Organ Crosstalk-A Narrative Review.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Beneficial Effects of Gegen Qinlian Decoction and Its Food-Medicine Homologous Alternative Formulas Against Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Insights from Multi-Omics Analysis.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Functional Equivalence of Heat-Inactivated (HI) and Live Probiotic RSB11 in Suppressing Inflammation: Expanding Formulation and Application Potential.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Article
- Gut microbiota-derived metabolites and EVs-mediated signaling in type 2 diabetes mellitus.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
- The Gut Microbiota-Insulin Resistance Axis: Mechanisms, Clinical Implications, and Therapeutic Potential.FASEB bioAdvances · 2026Review
- Divergent Trajectories of the Burden of MASLD Attributable to High Fasting Plasma Glucose in China and Globally: A GBD Study 1990-2021 and Projections to 2046.Gastroenterology research and practice · 2026Article
- Pharmacomicrobiomics in metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: the microbiome-drug-host triad.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Lactoferrin as a multi-target nutritional modulator in type-2 diabetes.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Advances in research on the effects of bile acids and their receptors on intestinal function.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Review
- Modulating the Gut Microbiome in Type 2 Diabetes: Nutritional and Therapeutic Strategies.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Gut-Brain Axis and Bile Acid Signaling: Linking Microbial Metabolism to Brain Function and Metabolic Regulation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Marine-Algal-Derived Postbiotics Modulating the Gut Microbiota-Adipose Tissue Axis in Obesity: A New Frontier.Nutrients · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a complex metabolic disease characterized by chronic hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance and inadequate insulin secretion. Beyond the classically implicated organs, emerging evidence highlights the gut as a central player in T2D pathophysiology through its interactions with metabolic organs. The gut hosts trillions of microbes and enteroendocrine cells that influence inflammation, energy homeostasis, and hormone regulation. Disruptions in gut homeostasis (dysbiosis and increased permeability) have been linked to obesity, insulin resistance, and β-cell dysfunction, suggesting multifaceted "Gut-X axes" contribute to T2D development. We aimed to comprehensively review the evidence for gut-mediated crosstalk with the pancreas, endocrine system, liver, and kidneys in T2D. Key molecular mechanisms (incretins, bile acids, short-chain fatty acids, endotoxins, etc.) were examined to construct an integrated model of how gut-derived signals modulate metabolic and inflammatory pathways across organs. We also discuss clinical implications of targeting Gut-X axes and identify knowledge gaps and future research directions. A literature search (2015-2025) was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, following PRISMA guidelines (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews). Over 150 high-impact publications (original research and review articles from
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.