Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol for Pain: Preclinical and Clinical Models.

Cannabinoids are increasingly being used to manage pain resulting from a variety of conditions. Both preclinical animal models and human studies have played a crucial role in advancing our knowledge of cannabinoids, their involvement in pain mechanisms, and their potential utility as novel analgesics. This chapter first reviews basic pain neurobiology and the most common experimental pain paradigms, which provide a basis for our discussion of preclinical, human laboratory, and clinical research characterizing the effectiveness of cannabinoids for managing pain. While a substantial body of literature exists describing these effects, findings are complex and largely mixed, dependent on the cannabinoid administered, route of administration, and pain modality/syndrome tested. Herein, we highlight the need for more rigorous, placebo-controlled research defining the therapeutic efficacy of cannabinoids. The chapter concludes by emphasizing the need for further investigation of other cannabis constituents (e.g., minor cannabinoids and terpenes), potential interactions between cannabinoids and other analgesic medications, as well as other emerging issues in the intersection between cannabinoids and pain management.