Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40877839›Full record

Trial reportBMC medicine2025

The effect of fruit smoothie supplementation on psychological distress and biomarkers among people with opioid dependence receiving opioid agonist therapy: a randomized controlled trial.

Elaheh Javadi Arjmand, Lise Margrete Thomassen, Karl Trygve Druckrey-Fiskaaen, Einar Furulund, Jørn Henrik Vold, Tesfaye Madebo, Rune Blomhoff, Jan Tore Daltveit, Hege Berg Henriksen, Fatemeh Chalabianloo and 4 more

Registry-linked trialAbstract readRandomized Controlled TrialMulticenter Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in BMC medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05229770 (Effect of Fruit Smoothie Supplementation on Psychological Distress Among People With Substance Use Disorders Receiving Opioid Agonist Therapy), which is not on this map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT05229770 nacompletednot on this map

Effect of Fruit Smoothie Supplementation on Psychological Distress Among People With Substance Use Disorders Receiving Opioid Agonist Therapy: a Randomised Controlled Trial

TypeinterventionalSponsorHaukeland University HospitalRan2022 to 2025Enrolled324ConditionsSubstance-Related DisordersArmsFruit smoothie
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

14 authors.

Elaheh Javadi ArjmandBergen Addiction Research and the Norwegian Research Center for Agonist Treatment of Substance Use Disorders, Department of Addiction Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway. [email protected].
Lise Margrete ThomassenBergen Addiction Research and the Norwegian Research Center for Agonist Treatment of Substance Use Disorders, Department of Addiction Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
Karl Trygve Druckrey-FiskaaenBergen Addiction Research and the Norwegian Research Center for Agonist Treatment of Substance Use Disorders, Department of Addiction Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
Einar FurulundBergen Addiction Research and the Norwegian Research Center for Agonist Treatment of Substance Use Disorders, Department of Addiction Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
Jørn Henrik VoldBergen Addiction Research and the Norwegian Research Center for Agonist Treatment of Substance Use Disorders, Department of Addiction Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
Tesfaye MadeboBergen Addiction Research and the Norwegian Research Center for Agonist Treatment of Substance Use Disorders, Department of Addiction Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
Rune BlomhoffDepartment of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Jan Tore DaltveitBergen Addiction Research and the Norwegian Research Center for Agonist Treatment of Substance Use Disorders, Department of Addiction Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
Hege Berg HenriksenDepartment of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Fatemeh ChalabianlooBergen Addiction Research and the Norwegian Research Center for Agonist Treatment of Substance Use Disorders, Department of Addiction Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
Kjell Arne JohansenBergen Addiction Research and the Norwegian Research Center for Agonist Treatment of Substance Use Disorders, Department of Addiction Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
Torgeir Gilje LidCentre for Alcohol and Drug Research, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.
Lars Thore FadnesBergen Addiction Research and the Norwegian Research Center for Agonist Treatment of Substance Use Disorders, Department of Addiction Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
ATLAS4LAR study group

Funding

Helse Vest ATLAS4LAR
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundUnhealthy diets are common among individuals with opioid dependence. While fruit- and vegetable-rich diets have shown mental health benefits, evidence is limited for those receiving opioid agonist therapy (OAT). This trial evaluated the effectiveness of fruit smoothie supplementation for people receiving OAT compared to standard treatment without fruit smoothie supplementation.

methodsIn this multicenter randomized controlled trial (FruktBAR), 311 participants receiving OAT were randomized (5:3 intervention:control) to receive either a daily 250 ml fruit smoothie for 16 weeks in addition to standard OAT or standard OAT alone. The primary outcome was the difference between the arms in changes in psychological distress, measured by the ten-item Hopkins Symptom Checklist (SCL-10%) from baseline to the end of the intervention. The secondary outcomes included changes in fatigue symptoms, measured using the three-item Fatigue Severity Scale, physical fitness, measured by a 4-min step test, carotenoid and folate biomarkers.

resultsAt baseline, 131 participants (70%) in the intervention arm and 91 (73%) in the control arm had a low intake of fruits and vegetables. In the intervention arm, the mean SCL-10% score at baseline was 43.9% (95% confidence interval (CI): 40.4, 47.4), which was reduced to 41.6% (CI: 38.0, 5.1) at the end of the trial. In the control arm, the mean SCL-10% score was 43.6% at baseline (CI: 39.3, 48.0) and decreased to 41.5% (CI: 37.1, 45.8) at the end of the trial period. No significant difference in the change of psychological distress between the intervention and control arms was found (- 0.14%; CI: - 4.49, 2.22). Additionally, no changes were found between the intervention and control arms regarding fatigue symptoms, physical fitness, carotenoid, or folate biomarkers. The mean consumed fruit smoothies reported in the intervention arm was 3.9 bottles per week (SD 1.5). 

conclusionsFruit smoothie supplementation over a 16-week period did not impact psychological distress, fatigue, physical fitness, carotenoids, or folate biomarkers among people receiving OAT. Although the smoothies were successfully delivered to the participants, our data indicates suboptimal adherence to the intervention rather than the lack of efficacy. 

trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT05229770. Registered on 08 February 2022.

Indexed as

Dietary SupplementsFruitOpioid-Related DisordersPsychological DistressAdultAnalgesics, OpioidBiomarkersFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedAnalgesics, OpioidBiomarkersFood supplementationsFruitOpioid agonist therapyPsychological distressRandomized controlled trialSubstance use disorder

Identifiers

PMID40877839
PMCPMC12395640

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.