Levels, Exposure and Risk Assessment to Metals in Urine from Adult Population in Valencian Region (Spain).

Carmen Sáez, Alfredo Sánchez, Pablo Dualde, Miguel Ángel Aguirre, Antonio Canals, Clara Coscollà

Abstract read

In one paragraph

Article in Biological trace element research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

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2 · The registry

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Carmen SáezDepartment of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, University Institute of Materials, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain.

Alfredo SánchezPublic Health Laboratory of Alicante, Alicante, Spain.

Pablo DualdeFoundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region, FISABIO-Public Health, Valencia, Spain.

Miguel Ángel AguirreDepartment of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, University Institute of Materials, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain.

Antonio CanalsDepartment of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, University Institute of Materials, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain.

Clara CoscollàFoundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region, FISABIO-Public Health, Valencia, Spain. clara.coscolla@fisabio.es.

Funding

Universidad de Alicante UAIND21-03C

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Urinary levels of 19 elements (i.e., As, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cs, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Pt, Sb, Se, Th, Tl, U, V, and Zn) in 518 adults representative of the Valencian Region in Spain were measured in the present study. Essential metals such as Cu, Zn, Mn, and Se showed 100% detection frequency (DF). Toxic metals like As and Pb were detected in 100% of participants, while Cd was found in 75%. Associations between metal levels and dietary or lifestyle factors were notable. Seafood consumption was a key contributor to elevated As, Se, and Cs levels, while smoking strongly influenced Cd, Pb, and Tl. These findings underscore the role of dietary habits in exposure to both essential and toxic metals. Hazard Quotients (HQs) were calculated for Se, Mo, Zn, Ba, Cd, and Tl using volume and creatinine-based normalizations. Essential elements posed no significant risks (HQ < 1), though Zn approached the threshold (HQ = 0.91). However toxic elements such as Cd and Tl showed minimal risk. This study highlights the need for public health strategies to reduce exposure to toxic metals such as Cd and Pb, while continuing to monitor essential metals to prevent overexposure. The results provide a valuable basis for policy making and international comparisons.

Indexed as

Environmental ExposureMetalsMetals, HeavyAdultAgedFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedRisk AssessmentSpainYoung AdultMetalsMetals, HeavyAdultsBiomonitoringMetalsRisk assessmentUrine

Identifiers

PMID40885793

DOI10.3390/toxics11060488

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata

Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.