RevieweLife2025
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the trained immunity era.
Review in eLife, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed.
- Article
- Bacterial-based cancer therapy: mechanisms and therapeutic advances.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Review
- AI-driven big data analysis and predictive modeling of infectious disease immunity: from correlates to causal, multiscale understanding.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- Multi-Kingdom Synergy ofLife (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- TLR7/8 signaling balances cytokine responses in neonatal monocytes.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Immune signaling as a determinant of cellular identity and tissue function.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Streptococcus pneumoniae upregulates Toll2, Toll9, and defensin genes in Bombyx larvae infection model.PloS one · 2026Article
- Emerging insights into inflammation-driven atherosclerosis: immune cell mechanisms.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Review
- Toll-like receptors in innate immunity and inflammation: from fundamental biology to clinic insights.Immunity & inflammation · 2026Review
- Beyond receptor activation: biased toll-like receptor signaling in periodontal inflammation and regeneration.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Review
- Review
- Preventive Immunology for Livestock and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in the One Health Era: From Mechanistic Insights to Innovative Interventions.Veterinary sciences · 2025Review
- TLR agonists as adjuvants for viral vaccines: mechanisms, applications, and future directions.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The long-term functional adaptation of innate immune cells following an initial stimulation, referred to as trained immunity or innate immune memory, enhances responsiveness and protection against secondary infections. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), an evolutionarily conserved family, recognize microbial-associated molecular patterns, initiating innate and adaptive immune responses. TLR signaling cascades induce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, antimicrobial peptides, and interferons, promoting pathogen clearance, while also driving epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming that enhances immune responses and protection to subsequent challenges. However, TLRs also recognize endogenous ligands contributing to chronic inflammation and autoimmune diseases. This review examines the role of TLRs and their various agonists in mediating trained immunity across diverse immune cell types, with an emphasis on their dual role in protecting against infections and chronic inflammation. It highlights recent clinical trials of TLR agonists as immunomodulatory agents and their therapeutic potential in infectious diseases and cancer. By providing an in-depth analysis of TLR-driven trained immunity, this review highlights the extensive influence of TLRs on immune cell populations and their implications for the development of novel, broad-spectrum immunotherapies.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.