Evidence mapPaperPMID 40895527Full record

ReviewFrontiers in immunology2025

Super-enhancers in immune system regulation: mechanisms, pathological reprogramming, and therapeutic opportunities.

Xin Lai, Caizhi Li, Xinglinzi Tang, Xinyi Luo, Feiyan Wu, Yuhong Liang, Bihui Huang, Hang Li

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Xin Lai *The Seventh Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
Caizhi Li *Shenzhen Bao'an Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
Xinglinzi TangShenzhen Bao'an Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
Xinyi LuoShenzhen Bao'an Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
Feiyan WuShenzhen Bao'an Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
Yuhong LiangSchool of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
Bihui HuangScientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
Hang LiThe Seventh Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Super-enhancers (SEs) are dynamic chromatin structures that function as epigenetic hubs, orchestrating cell-type-specific transcriptional programs crucial for immune cell differentiation, functional specialization, and adaptive responses. These enhancer clusters integrate transcription factor (TF) networks, chromatin-modifying signals, and three-dimensional genome organization to govern lineage commitment, effector function acquisition, and metabolic reprogramming while enabling plasticity in response to environmental cues. SEs exhibit spatiotemporal regulatory properties, such as chromatin looping, phase-separated condensate formation, and stimulus-driven enhancer-promoter rewiring, all of which stabilize transcriptional outputs vital for immune homeostasis. Pathological dysregulation of SEs disrupts immune tolerance and amplifies aberrant transcriptional circuits, contributing to immune-mediated diseases marked by chronic inflammation, autoimmunity, or malignancy. Emerging therapeutic strategies targeting SE-associated components show promise in dismantling pathogenic enhancer networks through CRISPR-based editing, small-molecule inhibitors, and proteolysis-targeting chimeras(PROTACs). However, challenges remain in achieving therapeutic specificity amidst the dynamic reorganization of SEs and ensuring cell-type-selective delivery. By providing insights into SE-driven chromatin dynamics and transcriptional control in health and disease, this review focuses on two central questions: whether SEs causally drive immune cell fate decisions, and how they function within shared core transcriptional regulatory networks across cancer, infection, and autoimmune diseases. Future advances in multi-omics profiling, single-cell resolution analyses, and combinatorial therapeutic strategies will be critical for translating SE biology into precision interventions that restore immune equilibrium in dysregulated conditions.

Indexed as

Enhancer Elements, GeneticImmune SystemAnimalsCellular ReprogrammingChromatinEpigenesis, GeneticGene Expression RegulationHumansChromatincell signalingimmune systempathogenesissuper enhancertranscription regulation

Identifiers

PMID40895527
PMCPMC12394480

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.