Observational studyLiver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver2025
Smoking Aggravates Inflammation, Fibrogenesis, Angiogenesis and Cancer Risk in Patients With Cirrhosis.
Observational study in Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03267615 (VICIS - Vienna Cirrhosis Study), which is not on this map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
VICIS - Vienna Cirrhosis Study
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Pretreatment emotional distress and peripheral biomarkers predict immune checkpoint inhibitor response in people with advanced inoperable gastroesophageal cancer.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- Smoking Aggravates Inflammation, Fibrogenesis, Angiogenesis and Cancer Risk in Patients With Cirrhosis.Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver · 2025Observational
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
15 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
aimsSmoking induces a proinflammatory state, yet its role in advanced chronic liver disease (ACLD) remains understudied. This study evaluated its impact on disease-driving mechanisms and clinical outcomes in ACLD patients.
methodsACLD patients undergoing hepatic venous pressure gradient measurements from 2017 to 2021 were included. The association of smoking with biomarkers of inflammation, fibrogenesis, angiogenesis and the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), extrahepatic malignancies and mortality was examined.
resultsAmong 339 ACLD patients (66.1% men, median age: 56.8 years, MELD: 11, HVPG: 17 mmHg), 62% (n = 210) were ever-smokers (n = 78 former, n = 132 active). Compared to never/former smokers, active smokers exhibited significantly higher white blood cell counts (5.49 vs. former: 4.74 vs. never: 4.25 G/L; p < 0.001) and C-reactive protein levels (CRP: 0.36 vs. former: 0.29 vs. 0.21 mg/dL; p = 0.035). Active smokers showed upregulated fibrogenic (TIMP-1: 364 vs. former: 324 vs. never: 278 ng/mL, p < 0.001; P3NP: 20.9 vs. former: 15.6 vs. never: 17.2 μg/L, p = 0.008) and angiogenic (PLGF: 21.7 vs. former: 18.2 vs. never: 19.0 pg/mL, p = 0.004) activity markers. Over a median follow-up of 30.4 months, ever-smokers exhibited a higher incidence of extrahepatic malignancies (SHR: 11.30; p = 0.019) and numerically higher HCC incidence (SHR: 2.27 p = 0.150; mostly evident in Child-Pugh A patients: SHR: 7.44, p = 0.053). All-cause or liver-related mortality risk did not differ significantly between ever-smokers and never-smokers.
conclusionSmoking is linked to an upregulation of inflammatory, fibrogenic and angiogenic processes in ACLD and increases the risk of extrahepatic malignancies. These findings underscore the importance of strategies supporting smoking cessation in ACLD patients.
trial registrationNCT03267615.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.