ArticleFrontiers in psychiatry2025
Effects of immersive virtual reality training on the adaptive skills of children and adolescents with high functioning autism spectrum disorder: a mixed-methods pre-post study.
Article in Frontiers in psychiatry, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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8 authors.
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Abstract
Background: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by social deficits and restricted, repetitive behaviors, with fewer than 10% achieving independent adulthood. Immersive virtual reality (IVR) provides a novel training approach through interactive and realistic environments. This study developed an IVR system to enhance adaptive skills in children and adolescents with high-functioning ASD. Methods: Thirty-three individuals with high-functioning ASD (ages 8-18) were enrolled based on clinical diagnoses confirmed by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) and Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R), with an intelligence quotient ≥ 80. The study employed a single-arm, within-subject pre-post design. Participants received weekly one-hour IVR training sessions, requiring 6-10 sessions to complete 36 tasks twice. Primary outcomes included changes in IVR task scores and completion times, while secondary outcomes assessed parent-reported questionnaires - Adaptive Behavior Assessment System-Second Edition (ABAS-II), Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC), and Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) - neuropsychological tests (Go/No-Go, 0-back, 1-back, and emotional face recognition tasks), and semi-structured interviews. Usability was evaluated via self-reported comfort levels, willingness to continue and device-related questions. Generalized Estimating Equation models analyzed changes across all measures. Results: The IVR training demonstrated high usability, with an 87.9% completion rate and no severe adverse effects. Some participants reported mild discomforts, including dizziness (28.6%) and fatigue (25.0%), as well as device-related issues such as unsteady walking (34.5%) and headset discomfort (31.0%). However, comfort levels increased over time (adjusted Conclusion: This pilot study supports IVR training as a feasible and potentially effective training method for improving adaptive skills in children and adolescents with high functioning ASD.
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