SynthesisDepression and anxiety2025
The Impact of Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy on Depressive and Anxiety Behaviors in Offspring: A Meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Depression and anxiety, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Effect of Anxiety on Depression in Pregnant Women: The Mediating Role of Stress and Moderating Role of Social Support.Birth (Berkeley, Calif.) · 2026Article
- The role of negative affectivity in the developmental pathway linking perinatal complications to behavioral and emotional problems in children.Development and psychopathology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Smoking during pregnancy is known to adversely affect offspring health; however, the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and the risk of depression and anxiety in offspring remains inconsistent. This meta-analysis aimed to clarify this relationship. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and OVID databases for articles published between 2000 and 2024. The odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to assess the association. A total of 11 studies involving 1,775,220 participants met the inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis revealed that maternal smoking during pregnancy was significantly associated with an increased risk of depression in offspring (OR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.09-1.63). Stratified analysis by cigaret consumption dose showed that heavy maternal smoking (≥ 10 cigarets/day) further increased the risk of both depression (OR = 1.61, 95% CI = 1.21-2.14) and anxiety (OR = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.32-1.72) in offspring. In conclusion, this meta-analysis provides evidence that maternal smoking during pregnancy may elevate the risk of depression and anxiety in offspring, particularly with heavy smoking. Preventing maternal smoking and reducing exposure to tobacco smoke during pregnancy could have significant benefits for offspring mental health and well-being.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.