ArticleThe Journal of infectious diseases2026
Seroprevalence of Antibodies Against Legionella Species in Northeastern Australian Blood Donors, 2016 and 2023.
Article in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Evolution and main causes of the rising legionellosis incidence in the United States.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundIn 2021-2022, Queensland, Australia observed an increase in Legionnaire's disease cases, predominantly due to Legionella longbeachae. This study assessed seroprevalence at time points 2016 and 2023, representing before and after the higher incidence and explored if demographic, environmental and geographical factors associated with legionellosis seroprevalence.
methodsA total of 1001 human plasma samples (496 from 2016/505 from 2023) were analysed for the presence of Legionella antibodies (IgG) using indirect immunofluorescence assays. Primary screens detected IgG to L. pneumophila serogroups (SG) 1-6, SG 7-14, or "other" Legionella spp. Samples positive for "other" underwent secondary screening for L. longbeachae SG 1 and 2. A chi-square test assessed associations between seroprevalence and demographics, while a generalized linear model evaluated rainfall, temperature, and land cover associations.
resultsWhile total Legionella seroprevalence remained stable (32.46% vs 32.28%) between 2016 and 2023, we observed a decrease in L. pneumophila (SG 1-6: 19%-13% [P = .0182] and SG 7-14: 24%-18% [P = .0257]) and an increase in L. longbeachae (1%-3% [P = .0355]) seropositivity. L. pneumophila seroprevalence positively associated with higher rainfall and land cover, with croplands and urban areas showing increased prevalence.
conclusionsBetween 2016 and 2023, total Legionella seroprevalence remained unchanged. However, rainfall and specific land cover types were positively associated with seropositivity for certain Legionella spp. This study highlights the importance of assessing Legionella exposure risks in high-risk areas, particularly for vulnerable individuals such as the elderly, immunosuppressed, or those with co-morbidities.
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