Evidence mapPaperPMID 40909282Full record

ReviewFrontiers in immunology2025

The dual nature of neuroinflammation in networked brain.

Ludmila Müller, Svetlana Di Benedetto, Viktor Müller

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
17citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

17 citing papers in PubMed.

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  12. Nutrition as a systems regulator of brain aging trajectories.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2026
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Ludmila MüllerMax Planck Institute for Human Development, Center for Lifespan Psychology, Berlin, Germany.
Svetlana Di BenedettoMax Planck Institute for Human Development, Center for Lifespan Psychology, Berlin, Germany.
Viktor MüllerMax Planck Institute for Human Development, Center for Lifespan Psychology, Berlin, Germany.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Neuroinflammation is a dynamic, context-sensitive process that plays essential roles in brain development, maintenance, and response to injury. It reflects a finely balanced neuroimmune state-facilitating repair and adaptation under homeostatic conditions, while also contributing to dysfunction when dysregulated or chronically activated. In this mini-review, we examine the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying neuroinflammatory responses, focusing on the roles of microglia and astrocytes, their bidirectional communication with neurons, and their interaction with peripheral immune signals. We describe how various stimuli-including aging, protein aggregates, and cellular stress-modulate glial function and shift immune activity toward protective or deleterious outcomes. Special attention is given to endogenous regulatory pathways, including cytokine signaling, receptor-mediated crosstalk, and immunometabolic cues that determine the resolution or persistence of inflammation. We further discuss shared and disease-specific features of neuroinflammation across neurological disorders, offering a systems-level perspective on how immune activity contributes to neural resilience or degeneration. This integrated view aims to inform future studies on neuroimmune dynamics in health and disease.

Indexed as

BrainNeuroimmunomodulationNeuroinflammatory DiseasesAnimalsAstrocytesHumansMicrogliaNeuronsSignal TransductionastrocytesbrainCNSmicroglianeuroimmune interactionsneuroinflammationneurological disordersneurons

Identifiers

PMID40909282
PMCPMC12404926

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.