ArticleBMJ open2025
Factors associated with generalised anxiety disorder and depression among adults living with diabetes and hypertension comorbidity in rural Bangladesh: findings from a cross-sectional study.
Article in BMJ open, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Themes of Reported Rural Healthcare Challenges Related to Non-Communicable Diseases Before and After the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Scoping Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- Article
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10 authors.
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Abstract
objectiveThe rising burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including mental health disorders (MHDs) such as anxiety and depression, poses a significant public health challenge globally. Evidence suggests that both diabetes and hypertension, the two most prevalent NCDs, are linked to a higher prevalence of MHDs. However, there is a lack of evidence on prevalence of generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) and depression among adults living with both diabetes and hypertension in Bangladesh. We aimed to assess the prevalence of GAD and depression and explore the associated factors among adults living with diabetes and hypertension comorbidity in rural Bangladesh.
designWe implemented a cross-sectional study.
settingThe study was conducted in Chirirbandar, a sub-district of Dinajpur, Bangladesh.
participantsWe interviewed a total of 387 adults living with diabetes and hypertension comorbidity. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES: We had two primary outcome measures: GAD and depression. Individuals scoring ≥10 on the General Anxiety Disorder-7 scale were considered as having GAD and individuals scoring ≥10 on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 scale were considered as having depression. The outcome variables were dichotomised based on these scores.
resultsThe prevalence of GAD was 7.24% (95% CI 5.04 to 10.29). Education level (grades 5-9) (adjusted OR (AOR): 3.40, 95% CI 1.26 to 9.19) and household wealth status (highest wealth tertile) (AOR: 0.12, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.62) were associated with GAD. The prevalence of depression was 17.83% (95% CI 14.32 to 21.98). Socioeconomic factors associated with depression included unemployment (AOR: 3.26, 95% CI 1.05 to 10.10) and household wealth status (highest wealth tertile) (AOR: 0.45, 95% CI 0.21 to 0.98). Higher odds of depression were also observed among participants with controlled hypertension (AOR: 3.88, 95% CI 1.81 to 8.35). Other factors, such as tobacco use, dietary diversity and physical activity, were not associated with GAD or depression.
conclusionA high prevalence of GAD and depression was observed among adults living with diabetes and hypertension comorbidity. The findings from the study emphasise the need for integration of mental health services into the existing non-communicable disease care. The identified factors associated with GAD or depression should be considered to develop targeted interventions for people with hypertension and diabetes comorbidity in Bangladesh.
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