Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40914748›Full record

ReviewClinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico2026

Harnessing biomarkers to guide immunotherapy in esophageal cancer: toward precision oncology.

Amany I Almars, Sameerah Shaheen, Nahlah M Ghouth, Iman S Abumansour, Asim Abdulaziz Khogeer, Fayez Alsulaimani, Ahmed M Basri, Nasser A Elhawary, Tabinda Hasan, Hailah M Almohaimeed

Abstract readReview
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In one paragraph

Review in Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Amany I AlmarsDepartment of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80324, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. aialmars@kau.edu.sa.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5302-6309
Sameerah ShaheenDepartment of Anatomy and Stem Cell Unit, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0646-1847
Nahlah M GhouthDepartment of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, 21955, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
Iman S AbumansourDepartment of Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia.
Asim Abdulaziz KhogeerResearch and Studies Unit, PMO, Makkah Regional Branch, Ministry of Health, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
Fayez AlsulaimaniDepartment of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80324, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
Ahmed M BasriDepartment of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80324, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
Nasser A ElhawaryDepartment of Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia.
Tabinda HasanDepartment of Basic Science, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman, University, P.O.Box 84428, 11671, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Hailah M AlmohaimeedDepartment of Basic Science, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman, University, P.O.Box 84428, 11671, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1583-3032

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Esophageal cancer (EC) is one of the most serious health issues around the world, ranking seventh among the most lethal types of cancer and eleventh among the most common types of cancer worldwide. Traditional therapies-such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy-often yield limited success, especially in the advanced stages of EC, prompting the pursuit of novel and more effective treatment strategies. Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising option; nonetheless, its clinical success is hindered by variable patient responses. This underscores the urgent need for predictive biomarkers that can identify patients most likely to benefit from immunotherapeutic interventions. Biomarker-based patient stratification can improve treatment outcomes, prevent unnecessary exposures, and conserve healthcare resources. This review explores established and emerging biomarkers for predicting response to immunotherapy in EC. We discuss these biomarkers by categorizing them into four major groups: (i) tumor-related biomarkers (PD-L1 expression, tumor mutational burden, and microsatellite instability), (ii) tumor-immune microenvironment-related biomarkers (tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and immune cell subtypes and ratios), (iii) blood-based biomarkers (circulating tumor DNA, exosomes, and soluble proteins), and (iv) microbiomes (oral, esophageal, and gut microbiomes). In addition, Advancements in biomarker discovery technologies such as high-throughput sequencing, multi-omics approaches, artificial intelligence and machine learning, single-cell analysis, and liquid biopsy are also discussed for their potential to refine biomarker identification and clinical application.

Indexed as

Biomarkers, TumorEsophageal NeoplasmsImmunotherapyPrecision MedicineB7-H1 AntigenHumansLymphocytes, Tumor-InfiltratingMicrosatellite InstabilityTumor MicroenvironmentB7-H1 AntigenBiomarkers, TumorCD274 protein, humanBiomarkersEsophageal cancerImmunotherapyPersonalized therapyPrecision medicine

Identifiers

PMID40914748

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.