ArticleFrontiers in immunology2025
Discovery and early validation of serum protein signatures in untreated multiple sclerosis patients: identification of candidate biomarkers for diagnosis and stratification.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The Crossroads of Neuroinflammation and Biomarkers in Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review.Cells · 2026Pooled it
- A framework for blood biomarker discovery in MS.Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) · 2026Review
- Identification of Serum BST1 as a Biomarker to Predict Coronary Artery Lesions in Children with Kawasaki Disease Based on 4D-DIA Quantitative Proteomics.Journal of inflammation research · 2026Article
- Sex and gender as contributors to brain pathophysiology, clinical course, and therapeutic response in multiple sclerosis.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2026Review
- Serum Peroxiredoxin 6 Levels and Clinical Outcomes After Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Elderly Patients: A Multicenter Observational Analytical Study.Clinical interventions in aging · 2026Observational
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Despite progress in serum biomarker research, reliable tools for early diagnosis and patient stratification in multiple sclerosis (MS) remain limited. This study uses proteomic profiling in untreated MS patients to identify early disease-associated biomarkers. Methods: We conducted an unbiased proteomic screen to capture broad serum protein expression profiles in a well-characterized discovery sample: 7 relapsing remitting MS (RRMS), 7 secondary progressive MS (SPMS), 4 with primary progressive MS (PPMS) alongside 6 healthy controls (HC). Twelve candidate biomarkers were subsequently validated by ELISA in an independent sample comprising 80 untreated MS patients (38 RRMS, 21 SPMS, 21 PPMS) and 21 age- and sex-matched HC from southern Spain. Results: In the discovery phase, 393 proteins were identified; 13 showed significant differences between MS patients and controls and 4 were dysregulated between PPMS and relapsing-onset MS (ROMS). These proteins were involved in immune responses, oxidative stress, and complement regulation. ELISA validation confirmed six differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) in MS patients compared to controls. Among these, BST1 levels were elevated in ROMS ( Conclusion: Our study identified six proteins involved in key pathological mechanisms such as inflammation, oxidative stress, immune regulation, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity. Notably, the upregulation of PRDX6-linked to protein repair and neuroprotection in EAE models-may reflect a compensatory response to neuroinflammatory damage. Conversely, the downregulation of MST1, a molecule involved in immune signaling, could impair neuroprotective signaling and may drive neuroinflammation. These findings highlight PRDX6 and MST1 as particularly promising biomarkers for the diagnosis and monitoring of MS, meriting further validation in larger, longitudinal cohorts.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.