Nanotechnology strategies for endometrium health: Are we on the right track?

The endometrium is a vital mucosal tissue which undergoes cyclical regeneration, differentiation, and remodeling upon hormonal, cellular, and molecular signaling networks. Dysregulation of these processes can trigger a range of pathological conditions including chronic inflammatory disorders, hyperplastic lesions, malignancies, and infertility, necessitating the need for effective therapeutic interventions. Furthermore, we are still dependent on conventional treatment modalities which are often constrained by inefficient drug biodistribution, systemic toxicity, and emergence of therapeutic resistance. Recently, nanomedicines have gained tremendous attention in human healthcare, because they not only diagnose the disease but also deliver therapeutic agents to the targeted site without affecting healthy organs. There are numerous nanotechnology-based approaches that have been applied for clinical usage(s). In addition, recent advances in nanoparticle-based photothermal therapy, immunomodulatory approaches, and molecular imaging techniques have demonstrated considerable potential in refining both therapeutic and diagnostic strategies for endometrial pathologies. Herein, we reviewed a comprehensive analysis of nanotechnology-driven innovations in endometrial disease management, elucidating their mechanistic foundations, translational prospects, and future trajectories in endometrium and gynecological nanomedicine.