Incorporating microbiomes into the One Health Joint Plan of Action.

The One Health Joint Plan of Action (2022-2026), developed by the United Nations Quadripartite (FAO, UNEP, WHO, and WOAH), provides a comprehensive framework to address global health risks at the human-animal-plant-environment interface. However, it overlooks the critical role of microbiomes-complex microbial communities that underpin the health of all ecosystems and are central to the One Health paradigm. Microbiomes regulate key processes, such as nutrient cycling, pathogen suppression, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) dynamics, and environmental resilience, making their inclusion essential for achieving One Health goals. We argue that incorporating the central role of microbiomes will help us move from managing the symptoms of these challenges toward addressing their root causes and providing sustainable, long-term solutions. This perspective outlines how microbiome science can enhance the core action tracks of the One Health Plan, offering innovative solutions for zoonotic disease prevention, AMR mitigation, food safety, and environmental sustainability. Integrating microbiomes into the One Health agenda is imperative for fostering proactive, cross-sectoral, and sustainable approaches to global health challenges.