ReviewMolecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy2025
Immunology of RNA-based vaccines: The critical interplay between inflammation and expression.
Review in Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- mRNA-based tuberculosis vaccines BNT164a1 and BNT164b1 are immunogenic, well tolerated and efficacious in rodent models.Nature immunology · 2026Article
- New approach methodologies (NAMs) for preclinical and translational evaluation of mRNA-lipid nanoparticle (LNP) therapeutics.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2026Review
- Viral Vaccine Adjuvant Strategies for Shaping Durable Immunity Across the Human Lifespan.Vaccines · 2026Review
- mRNA vaccine development for tuberculosis: antigen design, immune mechanisms, and translational challenges.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- Advances in Ozone-Based Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2: An Updated Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Pharmaceutical design of mRNA vaccines for endemic infectious diseases: integrating antigen discovery with platform engineering.Clinical and experimental vaccine research · 2026Review
- Systems vaccinology analysis of saRNA immunization identifies an acute innate immune signature correlated with adaptive immunity.Molecular therapy. Advances · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Since its use during the COVID-19 pandemic, mRNA has emerged as a leading candidate vaccine platform for pandemic infections. A critical difference between RNA-encoded antigen and protein vaccines is that RNA-based vaccines require the antigen to be translated in the body, adding an important variable. Much of the research focus in the field has been on ways to increase expression, but inflammation plays a critical role. The vaccine delivered is a combination of the RNA and the formulation, so both elements need to be considered. Formulated RNA can act as a form of adjuvant but can also activate cellular pathways that inhibit expression. Expression and inflammation are interlinked, but independent-a deeper understanding of the quality and quantity of immune induction will help to develop more efficient RNA vaccines. Here, we discuss factors that shape responses to RNA-based vaccines. These include the composition of the vaccine (the use of modified RNA bases, whether self-replicating or traditional mRNA and, critically, the formulation) and the type of cells that take up and translate the RNA. We then consider challenges presented by current generation RNA vaccines including clinical impact and how improved immunological understanding can inform the development of improved RNA vaccine platforms.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.