Evidence mapPaperPMID 40926521Full record

ArticleDrug delivery2025

Integrating micro-needle jet injection and sustained GLP-1 therapy with structured feeding: a comprehensive strategy for obesity management.

Chen Zhang, Luoxin Long, Hong Hu, Xinjin Zhou, Lindsey F Mao, Jing Wang, Aoran Zhang, Yuji Wang, Yi Yan, Shanhong Mao

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Drug delivery, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Chen ZhangSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
Luoxin LongSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
Hong HuSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
Xinjin ZhouDepartment of Pathology, Baylor University Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA.
Lindsey F MaoNomedel USA, LLC, Dublin, CA, USA.
Jing WangSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
Aoran ZhangSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
Yuji WangSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
Yi YanSchool of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.
Shanhong MaoSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Obesity is a global health crisis strongly linked to increased risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and other metabolic disorders. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) has emerged as an effective macromolecular therapeutic agent for weight management. This study addressed obesity management from three distinct perspectives: enhancing drug dispersion and bioavailability through a novel drug delivery device, extending drug half-life by developing sustained-release formulations, and sustaining the weight loss through implementation of structured dietary protocols. A new technology, micro-needle jet injection (MNJI) was developed to deliver both standard semaglutide formulations and highly viscous sustained-release formulations, achieving 100% subcutaneous delivery with predictable results. Modulation of MNJI parameters enabled the generation of various dispersion profiles, resulting in higher bioavailability compared to both needle injection (NI) and needle-free jet injection (NFJI). Sustained-release formulations, effectively administered via MNJI, exhibited higher bioavailability than the non-sustained release formulation, and positively impacted weight management efficacy in two distinct ways. First, a single injection achieved the same weight loss as five daily administrations of non-sustained release formulation. Second, a subsequent injection of the sustained-release formulations resulted in a further body weight reduction to 18%, contrasting sharply with the plateau at 13% observed in the standard formulation administered daily (

Indexed as

Drug Delivery SystemsGlucagon-Like Peptide 1ObesityAnimalsBiological AvailabilityDelayed-Action PreparationsGlucagon-Like PeptidesHumansInjections, JetInjections, SubcutaneousMaleNeedlesObesity ManagementRatsSemaglutideWeight LossDelayed-Action PreparationsGlucagon-Like Peptide 1Glucagon-Like PeptidesSemaglutideGLP-1 receptor agonistsinitial dispersion rate (IDR)micro-needle jet injection (MNJI)needle-free jet injection (NFJI)sustained release

Identifiers

PMID40926521
PMCPMC12424150

What Socratic holds

Texttitle and abstract
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.