SynthesisInternational journal of surgery (London, England)2026
Bladder cancer risk factors: a comprehensive umbrella review of meta-analyses.
Synthesis in International journal of surgery (London, England), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Integrating machine learning and structural analysis to decipher benzo[a]pyrene-induced bladder cancer networks.Discover oncology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundBladder cancer represents a significant global health challenge, characterized by poorly understood risk factors. This study aims to synthesize meta-analytical evidence, quantify risk associations, and inform prevention strategies.
methodsWe conducted a comprehensive literature search in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library up to October 2024. Meta-analysis quality was assessed using AMSTAR 2, and evidence certainty was evaluated via the GRADE approach. To explore heterogeneity and enhance interpretation, we conducted subgroup analyses for 23 exposure-outcome associations.
resultsEighty-four meta-analyses assessing 156 risk factors were included; 79 reported potential associations with bladder cancer. These covered dietary (n = 23), disease-related (n = 20), medication (n = 10), environmental and lifestyle (n = 9), occupational (n = 13), and physiological (n = 4) factors. The GRADE system rated 60 potentially associated outcomes as very low quality, 16 as low quality, and 3 as moderate quality. Moderate-certainty evidence identified ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) (RR = 3.84), opium consumption (RR = 4.07), and particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less (PM2.5) exposure (RR = 1.07) as risk factors. Dose-response analyses revealed increased risk with processed meat (50 g/day), red meat (100 g/day), liquor or spirits (12 g/day), and with each 5 μg/m 3 rise in PM2.5 or 10 μg/m 3 rise in nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ). Cruciferous vegetable intake (≥412.5 g/week) was associated with reduced risk.
conclusionThis review identifies several modifiable, dose-responsive risk factors for bladder cancer and highlights areas supported by higher-certainty evidence. These findings may assist in guiding prevention efforts - such as reducing red and processed meat intake, improving air quality, and monitoring high-risk medication to help lower the burden of bladder cancer.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.