SynthesisDiabetes, obesity & metabolism2025
Sex differences in the efficacy of GLP-1 receptor agonists: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cardiovascular and renal outcome trials.
Synthesis in Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Sex differences in the efficacy of GLP-1 receptor agonists: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cardiovascular and renal outcome trials.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2025Pooled it
- Cardiorenal outcomes of weight loss interventions in people with CKD and type 2 diabetes.Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association · 2026Article
- Insulin and Incretin Receptor Agonists Reciprocally Alter Their Blood-Brain Barrier Permeabilities.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- The Influence of Sex and Hormones on Organelle Stress in Kidney Injury: Insights from Preclinical Models.Biology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Sex-based differences in the efficacy of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) on cardiovascular, renal, and cerebrovascular outcomes remain unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated sex-specific effects of GLP-1RAs in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and related comorbidities. Randomised controlled trials and secondary analyses comparing GLP-1RAs with placebo and reporting sex-stratified data were included. Outcomes assessed included composite kidney outcomes, 3-point major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE: cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, or non-fatal stroke), individual components of MACE, and hospitalization for heart failure (HHF). Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled using random-effects models. Eleven trials comprising 85,273 patients (43, 339 receiving GLP-1RAs; 41, 934 placebo) were analysed. GLP-1RAs significantly reduced the risk of composite kidney outcomes by 20% in males (HR: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.69-0.92) and 31% in females (HR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.54-0.87), with no significant sex interaction (p = 0.31). The risk of 3-point MACE was reduced by 14% in males (HR: 0.86; 95% CI: 0.79-0.93) and 18% in females (HR: 0.82; 95% CI: 0.75-0.90; p = 0.47). Stroke risk decreased by 21% in males and 25% in females. No significant sex-based differences were observed for cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or HHF. GLP-1RAs reduce the risk of major cardiovascular, kidney, and cerebrovascular outcomes in both sexes, with consistent benefits across men and women. While variations between sexes were observed in certain outcomes, these differences did not reach statistical significance for interaction. Future trials should improve female representation and explore sex-specific effects further.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.