ArticleFrontiers in public health2025
Development and cross-validation of LMS-based normative reference standards and health benefits zones for muscular strength among adolescents by age and sex.
Article in Frontiers in public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Applicability of anthropometric indices for assessing speed and agility in children and adolescents: proposed reference values by age and sex.Jornal de pediatria · 2026Article
- Contextualizing AI-Supported Emotion Regulation Through Sport and Exercise in Higher Education: A Conceptual Reframing.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Anxiety, Psychological Resilience, and Physical Activity Among University Students: Mediation and Latent Profile Analyses.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Does body composition mediate the association between moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and physical literacy in school-aged children? A cross-sectional mediation analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
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Abstract
Objective: This study aims to develop and validate age- and sex-specific normative reference standards for muscular strength (MS) using the LMS (Lambda-Mu-Sigma) method and to establish Health Benefit Zones (HBZs) for Pakistani adolescents aged 12-16 years. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 2,970 adolescents (49.7% boys, 50.3% girls) selected through stratified random sampling from 60 public high schools across three divisions of South Punjab. Anthropometric indicators and muscular strength were measured following standardized protocols. Using the LMS, age- and sex-specific normative reference values and smoothed percentile curves (3rd, 10th, 35th, 50th, 65th, and 90th) were developed. Five Health Benefit Zones (Very Poor, Poor, Medium, Good, and Excellent) were derived from these percentile ranges to classify strength levels. The robustness of the generated standards was examined through internal cross-validation using a back-generation procedure to confirm high predictive accuracy. Results: Boys demonstrated significantly higher muscular strength than girls across all ages ( Conclusion: This study provides the first LMS-based, age- and sex-specific normative reference standards and HBZs for muscular strength among Pakistani adolescents. These standards offer a population-relevant tool for fitness assessment, enable early identification of youth at risk of low muscular strength, and support targeted interventions to enhance strength development and overall physical health in school-aged populations.
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