ArticleInternational journal of women's health2025
Global Spatiotemporal Trends and Modifiable Risk Factors for Female Infertility: An Age-Period-Cohort Using Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 and Mendelian Randomization Analysis.
Article in International journal of women's health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: This study aims to describe the global burden of female infertility, analyze its spatial and temporal trends, and offer targeted epidemiological insights to support the prevention and management of female infertility. Methods: Drawing on insights from the GBD 2021 study, we analyzed age-standardized prevalence rates (ASPR) of female infertility (1990-2021) across global regions and Socio-Demographic Index (SDI) categories. We quantified temporal trends using estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) and Age-Period-Cohort analyses across age groups and geographic regions. Furthermore, the causal relationships between 16 modifiable risk factors, 10 serum biomarkers, and female infertility were assessed by two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) and mediation analysis. Results: Globally, the ASPR of female infertility exhibited an increasing trend over the study period. Across all SDI regions, infertility prevalence peaked at ages 35-40. MR analysis identified poor general health (IVW OR, 1.94; 95% CI, 1.49-2.52; P Conclusion: Age-Period-Cohort modeling suggests that shifts in reproductive age patterns, environmental exposures, and cohort-specific risk profiles are key contributors to observed disparities. Targeted public health interventions, including educational promotion, lifestyle modifications, and routine metabolic screening, are essential to mitigate the rising infertility burden in the coming decades.
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