ArticlePloS one2025
Prevalence of asymptomatic non-falciparum and falciparum malaria in the 2014-15 Rwanda Demographic Health Survey.
Article in PloS one, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Molecular surveillance of Falciparum malaria in Rwanda: Shifts in parasite prevalence and risk factors between the 2014-15 and 2019-20 Rwanda Demographics and Health Surveys.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Uncovering silent malaria reservoirs in Southern Ethiopia: community-based molecular detection of asymptomatic and sub-microscopic infections and their implications for diagnosis and control.Malaria journal · 2026Article
- Seasonal Variation and Interspecies Dynamics Among Plasmodium falciparum and ovale Species in Bagamoyo, Tanzania.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Complexity of Infection andmedRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Haplotype diversity ofFrontiers in parasitology · 2026Article
- Performance of molecular inversion probe DR23K and Paragon MADMalaria journal · 2025Article
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19 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundRecent molecular surveillance suggests an unexpectedly high prevalence of non-falciparum malaria in Africa. Malaria control is also challenged by undetected asymptomatic P. falciparum malaria resulting in an undetectable reservoir for potential transmission. Context-specific surveillance of asymptomatic P. falciparum and non-falciparum species is needed to properly inform malaria control programs.
methodsWe performed quantitative real time PCR for four malaria species in 5,050 primarily adult individuals in Rwanda using the 2014-2015 Demographic Health Survey. We assessed correlates of infection by species to explore attributes associated with each species. Asymptomatic P. ovale spp., P. malariae, and P. falciparum malaria infection had broad spatial distribution across Rwanda. P. vivax infection was rare.
resultsOverall infection prevalence was 22.3% (95%CI [20.3, 24.3]), with P. falciparum and non-falciparum at 16.3% [14.5, 18.1] and 8.0% [6.6, 9.3], respectively. Parasitemias tended to be low and mixed species infections were common, especially where malaria transmission and overall prevalence was the highest. P. falciparum infection was associated with lower wealth, rural residence and low elevation. Fewer factors were significantly associated with non-falciparum malaria.
conclusionsAsymptomatic non-falciparum malaria and P. falciparum malaria are common and widely distributed across Rwanda in adults. Continued molecular monitoring, preferably done by the national malaria control program, of Plasmodium diversity using routine survey samples is needed to strengthen malaria control.
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