Evidence mapPaperPMID 40934203Full record

ArticlePLOS global public health2025

Disparities in chronic ischemic heart disease-related mortality across sex, race, and urbanization status in the United States, 1999-2019.

Patrick A Kwaah, Samuel A Mensah, Abraham Carboo, Grace Appah, Hamza A Rashid, Stephen N Djanie, Ama O Kwakye, Emmanuel A Agyemang, Joseph S Kekrebesi, Webster Donaldy and 2 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in PLOS global public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Patrick A KwaahDepartment of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Waterbury, Connecticut, United States of America.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8524-4615
Samuel A MensahDepartment of Internal Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6963-9221
Abraham CarbooDepartment of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Waterbury, Connecticut, United States of America.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3892-878X
Grace AppahDepartment of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Waterbury, Connecticut, United States of America.
Hamza A RashidDepartment of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Waterbury, Connecticut, United States of America.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8847-3593
Stephen N DjanieDepartment of Internal Medicine, Korlebu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1111-2177
Ama O KwakyeDepartment of Internal Medicine, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2188-4795
Emmanuel A AgyemangDepartment of Internal Medicine, Newark Beth Israel Medical Center, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1998-2281
Joseph S KekrebesiDivision of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1078-0250
Webster DonaldyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Harlem Hospital Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2342-5349
Patrick NtiDepartment of Internal Medicine, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1942-2294
Christopher B SarpongDepartment of Internal Medicine, 37 Military Hospital, Accra, Ghana.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1234-8228

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Chronic ischemic heart disease (CIHD) is one of the leading causes of significant morbidity and mortality in the United States. While previous studies have reported an overall decline in ischemic heart disease mortality, contemporary trends in CIHD-related mortality across sex, race, and urbanization status remain inadequately explored. We examined CIHD-related mortality trends in the U.S. from 1999 to 2019.We analyzed mortality data from the CDC WONDER database using CIHD ICD-10 codes. Age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMR) were calculated per 100,000 individuals. Trends were analyzed using Joinpoint regression to determine annual percentage change (APC) and average annual percentage change (AAPC) with 95% confidence intervals. Over two decades, 5,729,619 CIHD-related deaths were recorded. AAMR declined from 185.6 (95% CI: 184.9-186.2) per 100,000 in 1999 to 94.9 (95% CI: 94.5-95.3) per 100,000 in 2019. There were, however, disparities among demographic groups. Males had consistently higher mortality than females (overall AAMR: 167.2 vs. 96.0 per 100,000), and among racial groups, non-Hispanic Black individuals had the highest AAMR (148.3 per 100,000. Initially, urban areas had higher mortality than rural areas, but by 2019, their AAMRs converged (urban: 94.7 [95% CI: 94.3-95.1]; rural: 96.1 [95% CI: 95.1-97.0] per 100,000). CIHD mortality has declined across all demographics over the last two decades; however, disparities persist, particularly among males and non-Hispanic Black individuals. While rural and urban populations had differing mortality rates initially, they showed similar AAMR by the end of the study period. Focused public health interventions are crucial to addressing these inequities.

Identifiers

PMID40934203
PMCPMC12425309

What Socratic holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.