ArticleJournal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle2025
The Association of Low Muscle Mass With Serum Sex Hormones and Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin.
Article in Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Association between low skeletal muscle mass assessed by deep learning-based CT and MASLD: a prospective cohort study.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2026Article
- Associations between outdoor light exposure and low muscle mass: An NHANES 2011 to 2014 analysis.Medicine · 2026Article
- The Association of Low Muscle Mass With Serum Sex Hormones and Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin.Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
backgroundThe purpose of this study was to explore the associations of low muscle mass with serum sex hormones and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).
methodsWe analysed 4403 adults aged 20-59 years from the 2013-2016 NHANES. Appendicular skeletal muscle index (ASMI) was calculated as appendicular skeletal muscle (kg) divided by height squared (m
resultsThe mean age of the participants was 38.6 years (± 11.35 years), and 46.3% of the participants were female. In men, both total testosterone (TT) (Model 3: OR = 1.003, 95% CI: 1.002-1.004, p < 0.001) and free testosterone (Model 3: OR = 1.007, 95% CI: 1.001-1.013, p = 0.022) levels correlated positively with low muscle mass. The highest TT quartile had 4.529 times the odds compared to the lowest quartile (Model 3: OR = 4.529, 95% CI: 1.927-10.645, p = 0.003). Each unit increase in SHBG was associated with higher odds (Model 3: OR = 1.035, 95% CI: 1.024-1.045, p < 0.001). The highest SHBG quartile (> 45.26 nmol/L) showed 6.442-fold higher odds (Model 3: OR = 6.442, 95% CI: 3.134-13.242, p < 0.001). For women, the highest estradiol quartile (> 116 pg/mL) had 56.4% lower odds of low muscle mass than the lowest quartile (Model 3: OR = 0.436, 95% CI: 0.268-0.709, p = 0.004). Each unit increase in free testosterone (FT) showed an inverse association (Model 3: OR = 0.710, 95% CI: 0.605-0.834, p < 0.001). The highest FT quartile (> 3.70 pg/mL) had 73.7% lower odds (Model 3: OR = 0.263, 95% CI: 0.146-0.473, p < 0.001). Each unit increase in SHBG showed a positive association with low muscle mass (Model 3: OR = 1.009, 95% CI: 1.007-1.012, p < 0.001). The highest SHBG quartile (> 87.21 nmol/L) showed 5.482-fold higher odds (Model 3: OR = 5.482, 95% CI: 2.854-10.527, p < 0.001).
conclusionsIn women, estradiol and free testosterone levels are negatively associated with low muscle mass. In men, elevated total testosterone was unexpectedly associated with an increased risk of LMM. SHBG elevation is a consistent risk factor across sexes.
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