Guidelines for the use of economic evaluation to inform policies around access to treatment for kidney failure.

Kidney failure is the most advanced stage of chronic kidney disease, at which point patients require kidney replacement therapy (KRT) in the form of kidney transplant or lifelong dialysis to survive. Although many governments seek to provide KRT for patients with kidney failure under publicly funded health schemes, KRT requires considerable financial and human resources, which may need to be diverted from other health programmes. In deciding which KRT services to provide, to whom, and under which conditions, economic evaluation can show the trade-off between the cost and benefit of different policy options. This Guideline has been written for nephrologists, clinicians and policymakers, to build confidence in requesting, contributing towards, and using the results from economic evaluation studies. It is aimed at outlining the cases in which economic evaluation may support KRT policymaking and to lay out good practice for economic evaluation of KRT services. Recommendations cover the process of developing the policy and research questions, conducting the economic evaluation and interpreting results for policy.