Evidence mapPaperPMID 40939692Full record

ArticleThe American journal of clinical nutrition2025

Vitamin C status across the spectrum of chronic kidney disease and healthy controls: a cross-sectional study.

Caecilia S E Doorenbos, Dian P Bolhuis, Karin J R Ipema, Ellen M Duym, Ralf Westerhuis, Mariken E Stegmann, Casper F M Franssen, Stephan J L Bakker, Antonio W Gomes-Neto, Gerjan Navis and 3 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Caecilia S E DoorenbosUniversity of Groningen, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: c.s.e.doorenbos@umcg.nl.
Dian P BolhuisDepartment of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Karin J R IpemaUniversity of Groningen, Department of Dietetics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
Ellen M DuymDialysis Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
Ralf WesterhuisUniversity of Groningen, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Dialysis Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
Mariken E StegmannUniversity of Groningen, Department of Primary and Long-term Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
Casper F M FranssenUniversity of Groningen, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
Stephan J L BakkerUniversity of Groningen, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
Antonio W Gomes-NetoUniversity of Groningen, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
Gerjan NavisUniversity of Groningen, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
Stefan P BergerUniversity of Groningen, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
Akin ÖzyilmazUniversity of Groningen, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
TransplantLines Investigators

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundPatients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at risk for vitamin C (VitC) deficiency.

objectivesWe aimed to investigate VitC status and its determinants across the spectrum of CKD and healthy individuals.

methodsIn this cross-sectional study, we measured plasma VitC concentrations (<10 μmol/L = deficient, 10‒35 μmol/L = inadequate) in 62 individuals on dialysis, 41 with CKD stage 4/5, 42 kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) (together: CKD population), and in 447 living kidney donors, and 385 healthy controls (together: healthy population). In the CKD population, we assessed VitC intake (<75 mg/d = inadequate) using 24-h dietary recalls. We measured VitC removal by hemodialysis. We investigated potential determinants of plasma VitC with linear regression in the CKD population and in the healthy population separately.

resultsMedian (Q1‒Q3) plasma VitC was highest in healthy controls [58 (43‒69) μmol/L, 14% inadequate/deficient], followed by kidney donors [50 (36‒66) μmol/L, 22% inadequate/deficient], KTR [37 (19‒46) μmol/L, 48% inadequate/deficient], dialysis [33 (19‒47) μmol/L, 58% inadequate/deficient], and CKD stage 4/5 [22 (14‒34) μmol/L, 80% inadequate/deficient]. Daily dietary VitC intake was similar in KTR [55.5 (33.5‒144.2) mg, 55% inadequate] and CKD stage 4/5 [53.0 (23.9‒142.0) mg, 56% inadequate], and higher in dialysis [113 (72‒209) mg, 26% inadequate] due to supplementation. VitC removal was 58 (27‒123) mg in conventional and 128 (97‒156) mg in nocturnal hemodialysis sessions. In the healthy population, estimated glomerular filtration rate was positively associated with plasma VitC [standardized β coefficient: 0.18 (0.08, 0.27), P < 0.001], independent of potential confounders.

conclusionsVitC inadequacy and deficiency are common in CKD. Inadequate intake and removal by dialysis may contribute. In healthy individuals estimated glomerular filtration rate was inversely associated with plasma VitC. Our findings highlight the importance of monitoring VitC status in CKD, and represent a potential target for intervention. Future research could evaluate the potential health effects of improving VitC status in CKD.

Indexed as

Ascorbic AcidAscorbic Acid DeficiencyNutritional StatusRenal Insufficiency, ChronicAdultAgedCase-Control StudiesCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHumansKidney TransplantationMaleMiddle AgedRenal DialysisAscorbic Acidchronic kidney diseasehemodialysismalnutritionvitamin C deficiencyvitamin C intake

Identifiers

PMID40939692
PMCPMC12799429

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.