ReviewCancers2025
Immune-Checkpoint Inhibitors for Biliary Tract Cancer: Who Benefits and What Is Next?
Review in Cancers, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Biomarker-guided immuno-angiogenic therapy in biliary tract cancer: insights from IMbrave151.Journal of gastrointestinal oncology · 2026Article
- Surgical management of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma: a narrative review of principles, technical nuances, and emerging strategies.Journal of liver cancer · 2026Review
- Metabolic collusion driving immune evasion in cholangiocarcinoma: unmasking the dual control of the immuno-metabolic microenvironment.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Biliary tract cancer (BTC) is a rare and aggressive type of malignancy characterized by heterogeneity both in tumor biology and in the immune microenvironment. Most patients are diagnosed with advanced-stage disease and have limited curative options. Although the introduction of immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) has transformed the treatment landscape for several solid tumors, their effects on BTC remain modest. New combinations have promoted incremental improvements in the survival of patients with advanced BTC, but the complex interplay between immune therapies and the tumor microenvironment continues to be a major challenge to improve therapeutic outcomes. Nonetheless, ongoing studies are investigating combinations that may potentially improve results in this lethal disease. This review provides an overview of the evolving role of ICIs in BTC, discusses the impact of tumor heterogeneity on treatment response, and explores future directions to optimize patient selection.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.