ArticleInternational journal of molecular sciences2025
Immune Checkpoint Dysregulation in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Prospective Study of sCTLA-4 and sPD-L1 as Biomarkers of Symptomatic Vasospasm.
Article in International journal of molecular sciences, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is a severe stroke subtype often complicated by symptomatic cerebral vasospasm (sVP), contributing to delayed cerebral ischemia and poor outcomes. Immune dysregulation, particularly T-cell imbalances and pro-inflammatory cytokines, is implicated in vasospasm development. Soluble immune checkpoint proteins-CTLA-4 (sCTLA-4) and PD-L1 (sPD-L1)-regulate immune homeostasis and may serve as biomarkers or modulators of inflammation in aSAH. This prospective cohort study included 179 aSAH patients, divided into sVP+ (
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