ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2025
Immune Checkpoint Inhibition in Patients with Brain Metastases from Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Emerging Mechanisms and Personalized Clinical Strategies.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Gamma knife radiosurgery for cerebellar brain metastases: clinical outcomes and artificial intelligence-based predictive modeling.Clinical & experimental metastasis · 2026Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Brain metastases are a significant complication of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), contributing to high morbidity and mortality rates. The introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has opened new therapeutic avenues for patients with NSCLC, including those with brain metastases. However, the distinct microenvironment of the brain presents unique challenges to the effectiveness of these treatments. This review examines the mechanisms by which ICIs impact brain metastases from NSCLC, with particular focus on immune cell trafficking across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), tumor microenvironment modulation, and transcriptomic evolution of brain-tropic tumor clones. Unlike prior reviews, we integrate emerging data from single-cell and spatial transcriptomic studies, BBB disruption mechanisms, and the tumor-supportive role of brain-resident glia. We also critically evaluate key clinical trials and real-world evidence, highlighting differences in ICI efficacy across patient subgroups and therapeutic contexts. Additionally, we address the evolving role of surgical resection, stereotactic radiosurgery, and cerebrospinal-fluid-based biomarkers in optimizing ICI-based treatment strategies. This synthesis provides a comprehensive, mechanistic, and clinically relevant framework for improving outcomes in patients with NSCLC brain metastases treated with immunotherapy.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.