Evidence mapPaperPMID 40943544Full record

ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2025

Cushing's Disease in the Animal Kingdom: Translational Insights for Human Medicine.

Elena Massardi, Germano Gaudenzi, Silvia Carra, Monica Oldani, Ilona Rybinska, Luca Persani, Giovanni Vitale

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Elena MassardiDepartment of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy.ORCID 0000-0001-7909-4289
Germano GaudenziLaboratory of Geriatric and Oncologic Neuroendocrinology Research, IRCCS, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Cusano Milanino, 20095 Milan, Italy.
Silvia CarraLaboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, IRCCS, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Cusano Milanino, 20095 Milan, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-9321-9508
Monica OldaniLaboratory of Geriatric and Oncologic Neuroendocrinology Research, IRCCS, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Cusano Milanino, 20095 Milan, Italy.
Ilona RybinskaDepartment of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy.
Luca PersaniDepartment of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy.ORCID 0000-0003-2068-9581
Giovanni VitaleDepartment of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy.ORCID 0000-0003-2478-683X

Funding

Ministero dell'università e della ricerca European Union - Next Generation EU, Mission 4 Component 1, CUP G53D23005000006.
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Cushing's disease (CD) is a rare neuroendocrine disorder caused by ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas, presenting significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Given the evolutionary conservation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, this review explores the translational value of spontaneous CD forms in dogs, horses, cats, small mammals, and rats, as well as of experimental models in mice, rats, and zebrafish. Dogs are the most studied, showing strong molecular and clinical similarities with human CD, making them valuable for preclinical drug and diagnostic research. While equine and feline CD are less characterized, they may provide insights into dopaminergic therapies and glucocorticoid resistance. Nevertheless, practical and ethical challenges limit the experimental use of companion animals. In preclinical research, mouse models are widely used to study hypercortisolism and test therapeutic agents via transgenic and xenograft strategies. Conversely, few studies are available on a zebrafish transgenic model for CD, displaying pituitary corticotroph expansion and partial resistance to glucocorticoid-negative feedback at the larval stage, while adults exhibit hypercortisolism resembling the human phenotype. Future transplantable systems in zebrafish may overcome several limitations observed in mice, supporting CD research. Collectively, these animal models, each offering unique advantages and limitations, provide a diverse toolkit for advancing CD research and improving human clinical outcomes.

Indexed as

Pituitary ACTH HypersecretionTranslational Research, BiomedicalAnimalsCatsDisease Models, AnimalDogsHorsesHumansMiceRatsZebrafishcatCushing’s diseasedoghorsehypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axismousezebrafish

Identifiers

PMID40943544
PMCPMC12429187

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.