Observational studyNutrients2025
Positive Impact of Breastfeeding on Nutritional Status and Metabolic Control in Infants with PKU: A Retrospective Study.
Observational study in Nutrients, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Breastfeeding and dietary habits in childhood and adolescence: the PASOS study.International breastfeeding journal · 2026Observational
- The First 1000 Days of PKU: A Narrative Review of Maternal PKU and Early Life Management After Positive Newborn Screening.Nutrients · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND/
objectivesDietary treatment in phenylketonuria consists of a phenylalanine-restricted diet supplemented with a phenylalanine-free medical formula (Phe-FF). During the first six months of life, phenylalanine requirements can be met with breast milk (BM) or infant formula (IF). Despite all the benefits breastfeeding confers, it is often discontinued upon diagnosis of phenylketonuria, so more evidence is needed to support it. This study aimed to compare the assessments of nutritional status and metabolic control in infants with hyperphenylalaninemia/phenylketonuria who received BM, IF, or a combination of both as sources of intact protein, in addition to Phe-FF.
methodsA retrospective observational study was conducted in hyperphenylalaninemia/phenylketonuria patients between 0 and 6 months of age. Three groups were compared depending on the source of intact protein ingested: (1) BM + Phe-FF; (2) IF + Phe-FF; (3) mixture of BM and IF (BM + IF + Phe-FF). At each clinic visit, an anthropometric assessment and phenylalanine blood levels were analyzed.
results185 nutritional and metabolic assessments were included. The lowest median phenylalanine blood concentration was observed in the BM + Phe-FF group (129 µmol/L, interquartile range [IQR]: 39.5-232.5). In the BM + Phe-FF group all assessments were classified as eutrophic: -0.09 (SD ± 0.78); a statistically significant difference was observed between the BMI Z-Score of BM + Phe-FF and BM + IF-Phe-FF (
conclusionsOur results indicate that BM is the best option as a source of intact protein for children under 6 months of age with hyperphenylalaninemia/phenylketonuria, to maintain an adequate nutritional status and metabolic control.
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