ArticleVirulence2025
Exploring the role of multi-pathogen infections in Alzheimer's disease: A case-control study.
Article in Virulence, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Recent Insights into the Role of Herpesviridae in Alzheimer's Disease: A Structured Narrative Review Based on a Systematic Literature Search.Neurology international · 2026Review
- Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAlzheimer's disease (AD) is a leading cause of dementia. Following the discovery of the amyloid's antimicrobial properties, research has focused on infectious agents as potential contributors. This study investigates the role of multi-pathogen infections in AD by analyzing serological and molecular microbiologic markers in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
methodsA unicentric case-control study was conducted in AD patients (n=44) and healthy controls (n=35) in a Spanish reference cognitive disorders unit. Serum and CSF samples were analyzed using chemiluminescence immunoassay and ELISA for several pathogens. Molecular detection was performed through nucleic acid amplification. Multivariable logistic regression with bootstrap validation identified independent predictors of AD.
resultsSeropositivity for HCMV and Coxiella burnetii was significantly more frequent in AD patients, with C. burnetii linked to rapid progression. No microbial DNA was detected in CSF. Age (OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.17-2.03), HCMV (OR 20.02, 95% CI 2.64-183.38), and Chlamydia pneumoniae (OR 8.60, 95% CI 0.96-96.57) seropositivity were independent predictors of AD in the adjusted logit model, with an AUC of 0.79 after bootstrap validation. Wide confidence intervals indicate uncertainty in the exact strength of association. Triple-positive patients (HCMV, C. pneumoniae, C. burnetii) showed faster progression, poorer neuropsychological performance, and impaired CSF biomarkers, including lower A40/A42 ratios and higher neurofilament light levels.
conclusionsLatent infections with HCMV, C. pneumoniae, and C. burnetii may contribute to AD pathophysiology, possibly through systemic or immune-mediated mechanisms. Further studies are needed to replicate these findings and clarify the role of infectious burden in AD.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.